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Researchers at MIT and the Scripps Research Institute have shown that they can generate a strong immune response to HIV with just one vaccine dose, by adding two powerful adjuvants — materials that help stimulate the immune system.

In a study of mice, the researchers showed that this approach produced a much wider diversity of antibodies against an HIV antigen, compared to the vaccine given on its own or with just one of the adjuvants. The dual-adjuvant vaccine accumulated in the lymph nodes and remained there for up to a month, allowing the immune system to build up a much greater number of antibodies against the HIV protein.

This strategy could lead to the development of vaccines that only need to be given once, for infectious diseases including HIV or SARS-CoV-2, the researchers say.

"This approach is compatible with many protein-based vaccines, so it offers the opportunity to engineer new formulations for these types of vaccines across a wide range of different diseases, such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, or other pandemic outbreaks," says J. Christopher Love, the Raymond A. and Helen E. St. Laurent Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT, and a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard.

Love and Darrell Irvine, a professor of immunology and microbiology at the Scripps Research Institute, are the senior authors of the study, which appears today inScience Translational Medicine. Kristen Rodrigues PhD '23 and Yiming Zhang PhD '25 are the lead authors of the paper.

Most vaccines are delivered along with adjuvants, which help to stimulate a stronger immune response to the antigen. One adjuvant commonly used with protein-based vaccines, including those for hepatitis A and B, is aluminum hydroxide, also known as alum. This adjuvant works by activating the innate immune response, helping the body to form a stronger memory of the vaccine antigen.

Several years ago, Irvine developed another adjuvant based on saponin, an FDA-approved adjuvant derived from the bark of the Chilean soapbark tree. His work showed that nanoparticles containing both saponin and a molecule called MPLA, which promotes inflammation, worked better than saponin on its own. That nanoparticle, known as SMNP, is now being used as an adjuvant for an HIV vaccine that is currently in clinical trials.

Irvine and Love then tried combining alum and SMNP and showed that vaccines containing both of those adjuvants could generate even more powerful immune responses against either HIV or SARS-CoV-2.

In the new paper, the researchers wanted to explore why these two adjuvants work so well together to boost the immune response, specifically the B cell response. B cells produce antibodies that can circulate in the bloodstream and recognize a pathogen if the body is exposed to it again.

For this study, the researchers used an HIV protein called MD39 as their vaccine antigen, and anchored dozens of these proteins to each alum particle, along with SMNP.

After vaccinating mice with these particles, the researchers found that the vaccine accumulated in the lymph nodes — structures where B cells encounter antigens and undergo rapid mutations that generate antibodies with high affinity for a particular antigen. This process takes place within clusters of cells known as germinal centers.

The researchers showed that SMNP and alum helped the HIV antigen to penetrate through the protective layer of cells surrounding the lymph nodes without being broken down into fragments. The adjuvants also helped the antigens to remain intact in the lymph nodes for up to 28 days.

"As a result, the B cells that are cycling in the lymph nodes are constantly being exposed to the antigen over that time period, and they get the chance to refine their solution to the antigen," Love says.

This approach may mimic what occurs during a natural infection, when antigens can remain in the lymph nodes for weeks, giving the body time to build up an immune response.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of B cells from the vaccinated mice revealed that the vaccine containing both adjuvants generated a much more diverse repertoire of B cells and antibodies. Mice that received the dual-adjuvant vaccine produced two to three times more unique B cells than mice that received just one of the adjuvants.

That increase in B cell number and diversity boosts the chances that the vaccine could generate broadly neutralizing antibodies — antibodies that can recognize a variety of strains of a given virus, such as HIV.

"When you think about the immune system sampling all of the possible solutions, the more chances we give it to identify an effective solution, the better," Love says. "Generating broadly neutralizing antibodies is something that likely requires both the kind of approach that we showed here, to get that strong and diversified response, as well as antigen design to get the right part of the immunogen shown."

Using these two adjuvants together could also contribute to the development of more potent vaccines against other infectious diseases, with just a single dose.

"What's potentially powerful about this approach is that you can achieve long-term exposures based on a combination of adjuvants that are already reasonably well-understood, so it doesn't require a different technology. It's just combining features of these adjuvants to enable low-dose or potentially even single-dose treatments," Love says.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health; the Koch Institute Support (core) Grant from the National Cancer Institute; the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Materialsprovided byMassachusetts Institute of Technology.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Imagine a computer that does not rely only on electronics but uses light to perform tasks faster and more efficiently. Collaboration between two research teams from Tampere University in Finland and Université Marie et Louis Pasteur in France, have now demonstrated a novel way for processing information using light and optical fibers, opening up the possibility to build ultra-fast computers.

The study performed by postdoctoral researchers Dr. Mathilde Hary from Tampere University and Dr. Andrei Ermolaev from the Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, Besançon, demonstrated how laser light inside thin glass fibers can mimic the way artificial intelligence (AI) processes information. Their work has investigated a particular class of computing architecture known as an Extreme Learning Machine, an approach inspired by neural networks.

"Instead of using conventional electronics and algorithms, computation is achieved by taking advantage of the nonlinear interaction between intense light pulses and the glass," Hary and Ermolaev explain.

Traditional electronics approaches their limits in terms of bandwidth, data throughput and power consumption. AI models are growing larger, they are more energy-hungry, and electronics can process data only up to a certain speed. Optical fibers on the other hand can transform input signals at speeds thousands of times faster and amplify tiny differences via extreme nonlinear interactions to make them discernable.

In their recent work, the researchers used femtosecond laser pulses (a billion times shorter than a camera flash) and an optical fiber confining light in an area smaller than a fraction of human hair to demonstrate the working principle of an optical ELM system. The pulses are short enough to contain a large number of different wavelengths or colors. By sending those into the fiber with a relative delay encoded according to an image, they show that the resulting spectrum of wavelengths at the output of the fiber transformed by the nonlinear interaction of light and glass contains sufficient information to classify handwritten digits (like those used in the popular MNIST AI benchmark). According to the researchers the best systems reached an accuracy ofover 91%,close to the state of art digital methods, in under one picosecond.

What is remarkable is that the best results did not occur at maximum level of nonlinear interaction or complexity; but rather from a delicate balance between fiber length, dispersion (the propagation speed difference between different wavelengths) and power levels.

"Performance is not simply matter of pushing more power through the fiber. It depends on how precisely the light is initially structured, in other words how information is encoded, and how it interacts with the fiber properties," says Hary.

By harnessing the potential of light, this research could pave the way towards new ways of computing while exploring routes towards more efficient architectures.

"Our models show how dispersion, nonlinearity and even quantum noise influence performance, providing critical knowledge for designing the next generation of hybrid optical-electronic AI systems," continues Ermolaev.

Advancing optical nonlinearity through collaborative research in AI and photonics

Both research teams are internationally recognized for their expertise in nonlinear light-matter interactions. Their collaboration brings together theoretical understanding and state-of-the-art experimental capabilities to harness optical nonlinearity for various applications.

"This work demonstrates how fundamental research in nonlinear fiber optics can drive new approaches to computation. By merging physics and machine learning, we are opening new paths toward ultrafast and energy-efficient AI hardware"say ProfessorsGoëry Gentyfrom Tampere University and John Dudley and Daniel Brunner from the Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, who led the teams.

The research combines nonlinear fiber optics and applied AI to explore new types of computing. In the future their aim would be to build on-chip optical systems that can operate in real time and outside the lab. Potential applications range from real-time signal processing to environmental monitoring and high-speed AI inference.

The project is funded by the Research Council of Finland, the French National Research Agency and the European Research Council.

Materialsprovided byTampere University.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Researchers can now observe the phonon dynamics and wave propagation in self-assembly of nanomaterials with unusual properties that rarely exist in nature. This advance will enable researchers to incorporate desired mechanical properties into reconfigurable, solution-processible metamaterials, which have wide-ranging applications — from shock absorption to devices that guide acoustic and optical energy in high-powered computer applications.

Phonons are natural phenomena that can be thought of as discrete packets of energy waves that move through the building blocks of materials, whether they are atoms, particles or 3D-printed hinges, causing them to vibrate and transfer energy. This is a quantum mechanical description of common properties observed in various contexts, including the transfer of heat, the flow of sound and even seismic waves formed by earthquakes.

Some materials, both artificial and natural, are designed to move phonons along specific paths, imparting specific mechanical attributes. Two real-life examples of this include materials used in structures to resist seismic waves during earthquakes and the evolution of the rugged yet lightweight skeletons of deep-sea sponges, which enable them to withstand the extreme pressures of deep-water environments.

"Using the liquid-phase electron microscopy technique developed in our lab at Illinois, the new study marks the first time we've been able to observe phonon dynamics in nanoparticle self-assemblies, acting as a new type of mechanical metamaterials," said Qian Chen, a professor of material science and engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

"This opens a new research area where nanoscale building blocks — along with their intrinsic optical, electromagnetic, and chemical properties — can be incorporated into mechanical metamaterials," Mao said, "Enabling emerging technologies in multiple fields from robotics and mechanical engineering to information technology."

"This work also demonstrates the potential of machine learning to advance the study of complex particle systems, making it possible to observe their self-assembly pathways governed by complex dynamics," Pan said. "It opens new avenues for data-driven inverse design of reconfigurable colloidal metamaterials using machine learning and artificial intelligence."

The Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the Defense Established Programto Stimulate Competitive Research and the Army Research Office supported this research.

Chen also is affiliated with the Materials Research Laboratory, chemistry, chemical and biomolecular engineering, the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I.

Materialsprovided byUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Intermittent fasting diets appear to have similar benefits to traditional calorie-restricted diets for weight loss, suggests an analysis of trial evidence published byThe BMJon June 18.

Alternate day fasting also demonstrates greater benefits compared with both calorie restriction and other intermittent fasting approaches, but the researchers say longer trials are needed to substantiate these findings.

According to the World Health Organization in 2022, approximately 2.5 billion adults, 43% of the global adult population, were overweight, and about 890 million (16%) lived with obesity.

Weight loss can reduce cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels, and consequently lower the burden of serious chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of eating and fasting on a regular schedule and is becoming a popular alternative to traditional calorie-restricted diets, which are often unsustainable in the long term.

While no clear definition exists for intermittent fasting, its various methods can fall under three broad categories: time restricted eating (eg, the 16:8 diet involving a 16 hour fasting period followed by an 8 hour eating window), alternate day fasting (a 24 hour fast on alternate days), and whole day fasting (eg, a 5:2 diet involving five days of unrestricted eating and two days of fasting).

But the health effects of intermittent fasting compared with continuous caloric restriction or an unrestricted (ad-libitum) diet remain unclear.

To address this, researchers analyzed the results of 99 randomized clinical trials involving 6,582 adults (average age 45; 66% female) to compare the effect of intermittent fasting diets with continuous energy restriction or unrestricted diets on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Participants had an average body mass index (BMI) of 31 and almost 90% had existing health conditions.

The trials ranged from 3-52 weeks (average 12 weeks) and were of varying quality, but the researchers were able to assess their risk of bias and the certainty of evidence using recognized tools.

All intermittent fasting strategies and continuous energy restriction diets may lead to small reductions in body weight when compared with an unrestricted diet.

Alternate day fasting was the only intermittent fasting diet strategy to show a small benefit in body weight reduction compared with continuous energy restriction (mean difference -1.29 kg).

Alternate day fasting also showed a small reduction in body weight compared with both time restricted eating and whole day fasting (mean difference -1.69 kg and -1.05 kg respectively).

However, these differences did not reach the minimally important clinical threshold of at least 2 kg weight loss for individuals with obesity, as defined by the study authors.

Alternate day fasting was also linked to lower levels of total and “bad” cholesterol compared with time restricted eating. Compared with whole day fasting, however, time restricted eating resulted in a small increase in cholesterol levels. No benefit was found for blood sugar or "good" cholesterol levels in any diet strategy comparison.

Estimates were similar among trials with less than 24 weeks follow-up. But longer trials of 24 weeks or more only showed weight loss benefits in diet strategies compared with an unrestricted diet.

The researchers point to several limitations, such as high variation (heterogeneity) among the diet strategy comparisons, small sample sizes of many included trials, and low to moderate certainty of evidence in most of the investigated outcomes.

Even so, this is highlighted as one of the first systematic reviews to combine direct and indirect comparisons across all dietary strategies, allowing for more precise estimates.

As such, they conclude: “The current evidence provides some indication that intermittent fasting diets have similar benefits to continuous energy restriction for weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors. Longer duration trials are needed to further substantiate these findings.”

The value of this study is not in establishing a universally superior strategy but in positioning alternate day fasting as an additional option within the therapeutic repertoire, say researchers from Colombia in a linked editorial.

They point out that any structured intervention – including continuous energy restriction – could show benefits derived not only from the dietary pattern but also from professional support, planning, and nutritional education, while diet quality during free eating days could also affect alternate day fasting outcomes.

The focus should be on fostering sustainable changes over time, they say. “Intermittent fasting does not aim to replace other dietary strategies but to integrate and complement them within a comprehensive, patient centred nutritional care model.”

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Self-esteem scores more than doubled within one year of weight-loss surgery, according to a new study* presented today at the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) 2025 Annual Scientific Meeting.

Researchers from Geisinger Medical Center found that after bariatric surgery self-esteem scores rose to 77.5 from 33.6 – a more than 40-point increase. The higher the score on a scale from 0 to 100, the higher the level of self-esteem and quality of life. The amount of weight loss appears to fuel the increase in self-esteem — scores were highest among those who lost the most weight despite demographics differences including gender, age, and race or type of bariatric procedure.

Researchers used a prospectively maintained database to identify 5,749 patients aged 18 and older with body mass index (BMI) of 35 or more who had metabolic and bariatric surgery between 2006 and 2019. Patients completed the Impact of Weight Quality of Life (iwQOL) survey pre-operatively and 12 months after the operation to assess weight stigma and their quality of life.

"Understanding weight stigma and psychosocial factors associated with obesity is essential to offering holistic care. While these factors should not dictate the decision to have bariatric surgery, they should be an important part of the conversation," said study co-author Justin Dhyani, MD, Geisinger Medical Center in Danville, PA.

Weight stigma is associated with adverse health outcomes including depression, anxiety, disordered eating, and low self-esteem. Among adults with obesity, the prevalence of weight discrimination is 19% to 42%, with higher rates reported among those with higher BMIs and women.

"Weight stigma is a serious issue that places an extra psychological burden on patients struggling with obesity and there is no excuse for it," said Ann M. Rogers, MD, MD, FACS, FASMBS, President, ASMBS, who was not involved in the study. "This study shows we need to understand what patients are going through and be supportive and empowering of them as they navigate their health and make decisions about treatment."

Materialsprovided byAmerican Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

For many, fitness trackers have become indispensable tools for monitoring how many calories they've burned in a day. But for those living with obesity, who are known to exhibit differences in walking gait, speed, energy burned and more, these devices often inaccurately measure activity — until now.

For many, fitness trackers have become indispensable tools for monitoring how many calories they've burned in a day. But for those living with obesity, who are known to exhibit differences in walking gait, speed, energy burned and more, these devices often inaccurately measure activity — until now.

Scientists at Northwestern University have developed a new algorithm that enables smartwatches to more accurately monitor the calories burned by people with obesity during various physical activities.

The technology bridges a critical gap in fitness technology, said Nabil Alshurafa, whose Northwestern lab, HABits Lab, created and tested the open-source, dominant-wrist algorithm specifically tuned for people with obesity. It is transparent, rigorously testable and ready for other researchers to build upon. Their next step is to deploy an activity-monitoring app later this year that will be available for both iOS and Android use.

"People with obesity could gain major health insights from activity trackers, but most current devices miss the mark," said Alshurafa, associate professor of behavioral medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

Current activity-monitoring algorithms that fitness trackers use were built for people without obesity. Hip-worn trackers often misread energy burn because of gait changes and device tilt in people with higher body weight, Alshurafa said. And lastly, wrist-worn models promise better comfort, adherence and accuracy across body types, but no one has rigorously tested or calibrated them for this group, he said.

"Without a validated algorithm for wrist devices, we're still in the dark about exactly how much activity and energy people with obesity really get each day — slowing our ability to tailor interventions and improve health outcomes," said Alshurafa, whose team tested his lab's algorithm against 11 state-of-the-art algorithms designed by researchers using research-grade devices and used wearable cameras to catch every moment when wrist sensors missed the mark on calorie burn.

The findings will be published on June 19 in NatureScientific Reports.

The exercise class that motivated the research

Alshurafa was motivated to create the algorithm after attending an exercise class with his mother-in-law who has obesity.

"She worked harder than anyone else, yet when we glanced at the leaderboard, her numbers barely registered," Alshurafa said. "That moment hit me: fitness shouldn't feel like a trap for the people who need it most."

Algorithm rivals gold-standard methods

By using data from commercial fitness trackers, the new model rivals gold-standard methods of measuring energy burn and can estimate how much energy someone with obesity is using every minute, achieving over 95% accuracy in real-world situations. This advancement makes it easier for more people with obesity to track their daily activities and energy use, Alshurafa said.

How the study measured energy burn

In one group, 27 study participants wore a fitness tracker and metabolic cart — a mask that measures the volume of oxygen the wearer inhales and the volume of carbon dioxide the wearer exhales to calculate their energy burn (in kilocalories/kCals) and resting metabolic rate. The study participants went through a set of physical activities to measure their energy burn during each task. The scientists then looked at the fitness tracker results to see how they compared to the metabolic cart results.

In another group, 25 study participants wore a fitness tracker and body camera while just living their lives. The body camera allowed the scientists to visually confirm when the algorithm over- or under-estimated kCals.

At times, Alshurafa said he would challenge study participants to do as many pushups as they could in five minutes.

"Many couldn't drop to the floor, but each one crushed wall-pushups, their arms shaking with effort," he said, "We celebrate 'standard' workouts as the ultimate test, but those standards leave out so many people. These experiences showed me we must rethink how gyms, trackers and exercise programs measure success — so no one's hard work goes unseen."

The study is titled, "Developing and comparing a new BMI inclusive energy burn algorithm on wrist-worn wearables."

Other Northwestern authors include lead author Boyang Wei, and Christopher Romano and Bonnie Nolan. This work also was done in collaboration with Mahdi Pedram and Whitney A. Morelli, formerly of Northwestern.

Funding for the study was provided by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (grants K25DK113242-01A1 and R01DK129843-01), the National Science Foundation (grant 1915847), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (grant R21EB030305-01) and the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (grant UL1TR001422).

Materialsprovided byNorthwestern University.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Intense, short-lived summer downpours are expected to become both more frequent and more intense across Alpine regions as the climate warms. In a new study, scientists from the University of Lausanne (UNIL) and the University of Padova analyzed data from nearly 300 mountain weather stations and found that a 2°C rise in regional temperature could double the frequency of these extreme events.

In June 2018, the city of Lausanne in Switzerland experienced an extreme and short-lived rainfall episode, with 41 millimeters of precipitation falling in just 10 minutes. Large parts of the city were flooded, resulting in estimated damage of 32 million Swiss Francs. These short, extreme events, often causing severe damage to property and posing risks to lives, are still very rare in Switzerland today. However, with the rise in temperatures caused by global warming, they are likely to become more frequent in the future, particularly over the Alpine mountains and their surroundings. Warm air retains more moisture (around 7% more per degree) and intensifies thunderstorm activity. As the Alpine region is warming faster than the global average, it is particularly hard hit. It is therefore urgent to assess the impact of global warming in these regions. In a new study published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science (a Nature portfolio journal), scientists from UNIL's Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, in collaboration with the University of Padua (UNIPD) have demonstrated that an average temperature rise of 2°C could double the frequency of short-lived summer rainstorms in the Alpine region. With such warming, an intense storm currently expected every 50 years could occur every 25 years in the future.

To obtain these results, the researchers examined data from almost 300 weather stations in the European Alps, spread across Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France, and Italy. They focused on record-breaking rainfall events (lasting from 10 minutes to an hour) between 1991 and 2020, as well as temperatures associated with these storms.

Based on these observations, a statistical model incorporating physics principles has been developed to establish a link between temperature and rainfall frequency, and then to simulate the future frequency of extreme precipitation using regional climate projections. "Our results show that an average temperature rise of 1°C would already be highly problematic," warns Nadav Peleg, researcher at UNIL and first author of the study. "The sudden and massive arrival of large volumes of water prevents the soil from absorbing the excess. This can trigger flash floods and debris flows, leading to infrastructure damage and, in some cases, casualties," he adds. "It is therefore crucial to understand how these events may evolve with climate change in order to plan appropriate adaptation strategies, such as improving urban drainage infrastructure where necessary." Francesco Marra, researcher at UNIPD and one of the main authors of the study adds: "An increase of 1°C is not hypothetical, it is likely to occur in the coming decades. We are already witnessing a tendency for summer storms to intensify, and this trend is only expected to worsen in the years ahead."

Materialsprovided byUniversity of Lausanne. Original written by Partager l'actualité.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Peatlands across the Arctic are expanding as the climate warms, new research shows.

Scientists used satellite data, drones and on-the-ground observations to assess the edges of existing peatlands (waterlogged ecosystems that store vast amounts of carbon).

The study – led by the University of Exeter – found peatlands in the European and Canadian Arctic have expanded outwards in the last 40 years.

While this could slow climate change by storing carbon, the researchers warn that extreme future warming could cause widespread loss of peatlands – releasing that carbon and further accelerating the climate crisis.

"The Arctic has warmed faster than the rest of the planet, with average temperatures increasing by about 4°C in the last four decades," said Dr Katherine Crichton.

"This has improved growing conditions for plants, causing 'greening' of the Arctic. We wanted to identify if this greening could be from peatland plant communities.

"We know from paleo records that warmer periods in Earth's history led to more carbon being stored in peatlands.

"Our new study puts these pieces together to examine whether our warming climate is causing peatland expansion – and we find strong evidence that it is."

Peatlands cover just 3% of Earth's surface but they store about 600 billion tons of carbon – more than all the world's forest biomass combined.

The Arctic has large peatland areas but these peter out in the far north, where harsh conditions limit plant growth.

In the new study, researchers examined 16 sites – a range of peatlands in both the low and high Arctic – and compared data from 1985-95 with the last 15-20 years.

They found strong evidence of expansion at more than two thirds of sites (measured by "peak-summer greening" – increased growth of peatland-forming plants at the edges of existing peatlands).

The largest changes were found in places with the highest increases in summer temperature, such as the Norwegian islands of Svalbard.

"Our findings suggest Arctic peatlands are an increasingly important natural carbon sink, at least in the near term," said Professor Karen Anderson, from the Environment and Sustainability Institute on Exeter's Penryn Campus in Cornwall.

"But if temperatures continue to rise, we are likely to see changes in rainfall, and we are not sure how sustainable new or existing peatlands will be. Plus we could see increases of methane emissions at the same time.

"So – while our study gives us some positive news – it does not detract from the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and stabilize our climate."

This study took researchers on an unexpected journey that included COVID lockdowns, polar bear safety training and dragging a canoe overland.

Like many research projects, it started with pilot studies – one extracting and analyzing peatland samples in Canada and Finland, the other testing "remote sensing" with drones and satellites.

The team wanted to combine these to find out how climate change is affecting Arctic peatlands. They started applying for funding in 2013, and got their first rejection in 2015. Two more rejections came the following year. In 2018, they finally got a grant – and the project started in summer 2019.

Dr Crichton used Google Earth Engine to identify possible study sites, and Professor Angela Gallego-Sala went on the first fieldwork expedition – to Svalbard, where she received training on avoiding encounters with hungry polar bears.

With the research finally making progress, COVID lockdowns halted fieldwork and lab work. While this hampered the project, Dr Crichton's computer-based work could continue. "I was still at my desk using Google Earth Engine," she said. "Lockdown didn't make any difference to the work I was doing."

So Dr Crichton continued identifying fieldwork sites, analyzing data and applying for permits – paving the way for fieldwork in Canada in 2021-22. On one of those expeditions, Professor Gallego-Sala stayed at a basic research station on Bylot Island where the washing facility was a "half-frozen lake." She said: "It was light all the time. You could do fieldwork all day long and all night if you wanted to."

From that research station, the team visited remote sites via helicopter. Many sites had no name, and the pilot wanted names in order to arrange pick-ups – so sites got informal names including "Glacial Nirvana" and "Angela's Paradise." At each site, the team extracted peatland cores to learn about the history of the peatland and how it might be changing.

At Salluit in northern Canada, the team had an Inuit guide for expeditions out into the peatland – during which they saw wildlife including black bears and reindeer, and caught fish and mussels for dinner each evening. When the team laid out their plan one day, the guide shrugged and said: "You can go wherever you want." He did not mention that their plan would leave their canoe stuck on a large area of sand at low tide.

The three female researchers had to push the stranded boat overland, while the guide sat in it. "We pushed it a long way through the sand," Professor Gallego-Sala said. "It was pretty tough – but it was also hilarious, and we managed to get it out."

"Meanwhile, I'm still sat at my computer by the way," said Dr Crichton, laughing. But this work provided a crucial component – allowing comparison between peatland cores and long-term satellite data that shows peatland edges getting greener as vegetation spreads.

Professor Gallego-Sala added: "Going out for fieldwork is a short time in comparison to the rest of the work. There is lots of lab work to analyse the samples, then extensive data analysis before the findings can be written into a published paper."

The study is part of a project called Increased Accumulation in Arctic Peatlands (ICAAP), funded by the Natural Environment Research Council.

The paper, published in the journalCommunications Earth and Environment, is entitled: "Satellite data indicates recent Arctic peatland expansion with warming."

Materialsprovided byUniversity of Exeter. Original written by Alex Morrison.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Viruses are entirely dependent on their hosts to reproduce. They ransack living cells for parts and energy and hijack the host's cellular machinery to make new copies of themselves. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), it turns out, also redecorates, according to a new study inNature Communications.

Researchers at the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona have discovered the cold sore virus reshapes the human genome's architecture, rearranging its shape in three-dimensional space so that HSV-1 can access host genes most useful for its ability to reproduce.

"HSV-1 is an opportunistic interior designer, reshaping the human genome with great precision and choosing which bits it comes into contact with. It's a novel mechanism of manipulation we didn't know the virus had to exploit host resources," says Dr. Esther González Almela, first author of the study.

While other herpes viruses have been seen compacting and reshaping host chromosomes, it was unclear whether it was a side effect of the virus invading and setting up its own viral replication factories. The study is the first proof that HSV-1 reshapes the human genome deliberately and within hours of infection.

Crucially, the researchers found that blocking a single host enzyme, topoisomerase I, completely blocked HSV-1's ability to rearrange the human genome during infection, bringing the hostile takeover to a halt. The discovery represents a new potential strategy to control a virus which infects nearly four billion people worldwide.

"In cell culture, inhibiting this enzyme stopped the infection before the virus could make a single new particle," says ICREA Research Professor Pia Cosma, corresponding author of the study at the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona. "That gives us a potential new therapeutic target to stop infection."

The researchers made the findings by combining super-resolution microscopy, an imaging technique which can see structures 20 nanometers wide, around 3,500 times thinner than a strand of hair, with Hi-C, a technique that reveals which bits of DNA are touching inside the nucleus. They used both techniques to gain new mechanistic insights into how HSV-1 hijacks human cells.

They found the hostile takeover begins within the first hour, with the virus hijacking the human RNA-polymerase II enzyme to help synthesize its own proteins. Topoisomerase I, an enzyme that snips DNA to release torsional stress, and cohesin, a structural protein, followed human RNA-polymerase II into the newly forming viral replication compartments.

Three hours after infection, most polymerase and a sizeable fraction of the other two factors had abandoned human genes. The wholesale theft causes transcription to collapse across the host genome, which in turn caused chromatin, the human genome's natural state inside cells, to be crushed into a dense shell just 30% of its original volume.

This was an unexpected finding, as the structure of chromatin is thought to dictate transcription. "We always thought dense chromatin shut genes down but here we see the opposite: stop enough transcription first and the DNA compacts afterwards. The relationship between activity and structure might be a two-way street," says Dr. Álvaro Castells García, co-first author of the study.

Two in every three people under age 50 live with HSV-1. Once infected, people have the virus for life, though most cases are asymptomatic or manifest as recurrent cold sores. Rarely, the virus can cause blindness or life-threatening disease in newborns and immunocompromised people.

The findings of the study can help address the public health burden of HSV-1, which is considered a global health challenge because of its prevalence and ability to cause recurrent outbreaks. Though treatments are available to manage symptoms, drug-resistant strains are on the rise, and there is no cure

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UBC researchers are proposing a solution to a key hurdle in quantum networking: a device that can "translate" microwave to optical signals and vice versa.

The technology could serve as a universal translator for quantum computers — enabling them to talk to each other over long distances and converting up to 95 per cent of a signal with virtually no noise. And it all fits on a silicon chip, the same material found in everyday computers.

"It's like finding a translator that gets nearly every word right, keeps the message intact and adds no background chatter," says study author Mohammad Khalifa, who conducted the research during his PhD at UBC's faculty of applied science and the UBC Blusson Quantum Matter Institute.

"Most importantly, this device preserves the quantum connections between distant particles and works in both directions. Without that, you'd just have expensive individual computers. With it, you get a true quantum network."

Quantum computers process information using microwave signals. But to send that information across cities or continents, it needs to be converted into optical signals that travel through fibre optic cables. These signals are so fragile, even tiny disturbances during translation can destroy them.

That's a problem for entanglement, the phenomenon quantum computers rely on, where two particles remain connected regardless of distance. Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance." Losing that connection means losing the quantum advantage. The UBC device, described innpj Quantum Information, could enable long-distance quantum communication while preserving these entangled links.

The team's model is a microwave-optical photon converter that can be fabricated on a silicon wafer. The breakthrough lies in tiny engineered flaws, magnetic defects intentionally embedded in silicon to control its properties. When microwave and optical signals are precisely tuned, electrons in these defects convert one signal to the other without absorbing energy, avoiding the instability that plagues other transformation methods.

The device also runs efficiently at extremely low power — just millionths of a watt. The authors outlined a practical design that uses superconducting components, materials that conduct electricity perfectly, alongside this specially engineered silicon.

While the work is still theoretical, it marks an important step in quantum networking.

"We're not getting a quantum internet tomorrow — but this clears a major roadblock," says the study's senior author Dr. Joseph Salfi, an assistant professor in the department of electrical and computer engineering and principal investigator at UBC Blusson QMI.

"Currently, reliably sending quantum information between cities remains challenging. Our approach could change that: silicon-based converters could be built using existing chip fabrication technology and easily integrated into today's communication infrastructure."

Eventually, quantum networks could enable virtually unbreakable online security, GPS that works indoors, and the power to tackle problems beyond today's reach such as designing new medicines or predicting weather with dramatically improved accuracy.

Materialsprovided byUniversity of British Columbia.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.