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Your breath is one of a kind. A study published June 12 in the Cell Press journalCurrent Biologydemonstrated that scientists can identify individuals based solely on their breathing patterns with 96.8% accuracy. These nasal respiratory "fingerprints" also offer insights into physical and mental health.

The research stemmed from the lab's interest in olfaction, or the sense of smell. In mammals, the brain processes odor information during inhalation. This link between the brain and breathing led researchers to wonder: since every brain is unique, wouldn't each person's breathing pattern reflect that?

To test the idea, the team developed a lightweight wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours using soft tubes placed under the nostrils. Most breathing tests last just one to 20 minutes, focusing on evaluating lung function or diagnosing disease. But those brief snapshots aren't enough to capture subtle patterns.

"You would think that breathing has been measured and analyzed in every way," says author Noam Sobel of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. "Yet we stumbled upon a completely new way to look at respiration. We consider this as a brain readout."

Sobel's team fitted 100 healthy young adults with the device and asked them to go about their daily lives. Using the collected data, the team identified individuals using only their breathing patterns with high accuracy. This high-level accuracy remained consistent across multiple retests conducted over a two-year period, rivaling the precision of some voice recognition technologies.

"I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things, like running, studying, or resting," says author Timna Soroka of the Weizmann Institute of Science. "But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct."

Moreover, the study found that these respiratory fingerprints correlated with a person's body mass index, sleep-wake cycle, levels of depression and anxiety, and even behavioral traits. For example, participants who scored relatively higher on anxiety questionnaires had shorter inhales and more variability in the pauses between breaths during sleep. Soroka noted that none of the participants met clinical diagnostic criteria for mental or behavioral conditions. The results suggest that long-term nasal airflow monitoring may serve as a window into physical and emotional well-being.

"We intuitively assume that how depressed or anxious you are changes the way you breathe," says Sobel. "But it might be the other way around. Perhaps the way you breathe makes you anxious or depressed. If that's true, we might be able to change the way you breathe to change those conditions."

The current device still faces real-world challenges. A tube that runs under the nose is often associated with illness and may deter adoption. The device also doesn't account for mouth breathing and can slip out of place when sleeping. The team aims to design a more discreet and comfortable version for everyday use.

Soroka and Sobel are already investigating whether people can mimic healthy breathing patterns to improve their mental and emotional states. "We definitely want to go beyond diagnostics to treatment, and we are cautiously optimistic," says Sobel.

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In a compelling Genomic Press Interview published today in Brain Medicine, Sophia Shi, PhD, unveils her pioneering research that fundamentally changes our understanding of brain aging and opens revolutionary therapeutic pathways for Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative conditions.

Uncovering the Brain's Hidden Shield

Dr. Shi's groundbreaking work focuses on the glycocalyx, a complex "forest" of sugar molecules coating blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Her research, recently published in Nature, demonstrates that this protective layer deteriorates dramatically with age, leading to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation, key drivers of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

"The glycocalyx acts like a protective shield for the brain's blood vessels," Dr. Shi explains. "When we restored these critical sugar molecules in aged mice, we saw remarkable improvements in both barrier integrity and cognitive function." This discovery represents the first time scientists have successfully reversed age-related blood-brain barrier dysfunction through glycocalyx restoration.

From Puzzles to Proteins: A Scientific Journey

Dr. Shi's path to this breakthrough began with childhood fascinations with puzzles and pattern recognition, skills that would later prove invaluable in decoding the complex language of glycosylation. Working under the mentorship of Nobel laureate Carolyn Bertozzi and renowned neurobiologist Tony Wyss-Coray at Stanford, she bridged two distinct fields, glycobiology and neuroscience, to tackle questions others had overlooked.

Her interdisciplinary approach faced significant challenges. How do you study molecules so structurally complex that they've resisted traditional analysis methods? What techniques can capture the dynamic nature of glycosylation in living brain tissue? Dr. Shi's innovative solutions to these problems exemplify the power of cross-disciplinary thinking in modern biomedical research.

Recognition and Research Excellence

The impact of Dr. Shi's work extends far beyond the laboratory. Her research garnered the prestigious David S. Miller Young Scientist Award at the Cerebral Vascular Biology Conference, recognizing her as one of the field's most promising young investigators. Perhaps more remarkably, she is launching her independent laboratory at Harvard's prestigious Rowland Institute directly from doctoral training — a rare achievement that speaks to the transformative potential of her discoveries.

"Post-translational modifications like glycosylation have been understudied for too long," Dr. Shi notes. "These modifications can completely transform protein function, yet we're only beginning to understand their role in brain health and disease." Her work positions glycoscience at the forefront of neurodegeneration research, challenging long-held assumptions about therapeutic targets.

Therapeutic Implications and Future Directions

The therapeutic implications of Dr. Shi's findings are profound. By identifying specific mucin-type O-glycans as critical for blood-brain barrier integrity, her research provides concrete molecular targets for drug development. This precision approach could lead to treatments that address the root causes of neurodegeneration rather than merely managing symptoms.

Intriguing questions emerge from this work: Can glycocalyx restoration prevent or slow Alzheimer's disease progression in humans? How early in the aging process do these protective molecules begin to deteriorate? What environmental or genetic factors influence glycocalyx health throughout the lifespan? These questions will drive the next phase of Dr. Shi's research program at Harvard.

Building an Inclusive Scientific Future

Beyond her scientific contributions, Dr. Shi is committed to fostering diversity in science. "It's easy to feel isolated or like you don't belong in science, especially without early exposure or role models," she reflects. Her dedication to mentoring and creating inclusive research environments promises to amplify her impact by inspiring the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists.

The interview reveals how personal experiences shape scientific pursuits. Dr. Shi's appreciation for hiking and trail running mirrors her approach to research: seeking new perspectives from challenging vantage points. This blend of rigorous science with human experience characterizes the new generation of biomedical researchers.Implications for Brain Medicine

Dr. Shi's discoveries raise fundamental questions about how we approach brain aging and disease. If glycocalyx deterioration is a common pathway in multiple neurodegenerative conditions, could targeting these molecules provide a unified therapeutic strategy? How might lifestyle factors influence glycocalyx health? These considerations could reshape preventive medicine approaches for brain health.

The transition from viewing the blood-brain barrier as a simple wall to understanding it as a dynamic, sugar-coated interface represents a paradigm shift in neuroscience. This new perspective demands innovative research approaches and may explain why previous therapeutic strategies targeting the barrier have shown limited success.

Dr. Sophia Shi's Genomic Press interview is part of a larger series called Innovators & Ideas that highlights the people behind today's most influential scientific breakthroughs. Each interview in the series offers a blend of cutting-edge research and personal reflections, providing readers with a comprehensive view of the scientists shaping the future. By combining a focus on professional achievements with personal insights, this interview style invites a richer narrative that both engages and educates readers. This format provides an ideal starting point for profiles that explore the scientist's impact on the field, while also touching on broader human themes.

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Despite global reductions in mercury emissions, mercury concentrations in Arctic wildlife continue to rise. A new study published inNature Communicationsby researchers from Aarhus University and the University of Copenhagen reveals that ocean currents may be transporting legacy mercury pollution to the Arctic — posing a long-term threat to ecosystems and human health.

"We've monitored mercury in Arctic animals for over 40 years. Despite declining global emissions since the 1970s, we see no corresponding decrease in Arctic concentrations — on the contrary," says Professor Rune Dietz from Aarhus University.

Mercury released into the atmosphere from sources like coal combustion and gold mining can remain airborne for about a year. However, once it enters the ocean, it can persist for over 300 years. This means that even with current emission reductions, the Arctic may continue to experience elevated mercury levels for centuries.

Mercury's Fingerprint in Arctic Wildlife The researchers analyzed over 700 environmental samples — including tissues from polar bears, seals, fish, and peat — from across Greenland collected over the past 40 years. By examining the composition of six common mercury isotopes, they identified distinct regional differences that align with ocean current patterns.

"These isotope signatures act like fingerprints, revealing the sources and transport pathways of mercury," explains Senior Researcher Jens Søndergaard from Aarhus University.

For example, central West Greenland is influenced by Atlantic inflow via the Irminger Current, while other regions are dominated by Arctic Ocean currents.

Implications for Global Mercury Regulation

Mercury is a potent neurotoxin. In Arctic top predators like polar bears and toothed whales, concentrations are now 20-30 times higher than before industrialization. This poses serious health risks not only to wildlife but also to Indigenous communities that rely on marine mammals for food.

"Mercury affects the immune system, reproduction, and possibly sensory functions in animals, which can impact their survival," says Professor Christian Sonne from Aarhus University.

The findings have significant implications for the UN's Minamata Convention on Mercury, which aims to reduce global mercury pollution. The study offers a potential explanation for why mercury levels in Arctic biota remain high despite falling atmospheric emissions.

"Transport of mercury from major sources like China to Greenland via ocean currents can take up to 150 years," says Rune Dietz. "This helps explain the lack of decline in Arctic mercury levels."

The research team is continuing their work on mercury isotopes across the Arctic through the "GreenPath" project, funded by the Independent Research Fund Denmark. The isotopic analyses also contribute to international projects such as WhaleAdapt and ArcSolutions.

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Astronomers using data from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope have identified dozens of small galaxies that played a starring role in a cosmic makeover that transformed the early universe into the one we know today.

"When it comes to producing ultraviolet light, these small galaxies punch well above their weight," said Isak Wold, an assistant research scientist at Catholic University of America in Washington and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "Our analysis of these tiny but mighty galaxies is 10 times more sensitive than previous studies, and shows they existed in sufficient numbers and packed enough ultraviolet power to drive this cosmic renovation."

Wold discussed his findings Wednesday at the 246th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Anchorage, Alaska. The study took advantage of existing imaging collected by Webb's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument, as well as new observations made with its NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) instrument.

The tiny galaxies were discovered by Wold and his Goddard colleagues, Sangeeta Malhotra and James Rhoads, by sifting through Webb images captured as part of the UNCOVER (Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam ObserVations before the Epoch of Reionization) observing program, led by Rachel Bezanson at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.

The project mapped a giant galaxy cluster known as Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's cluster, located about 4 billion light-years away in the southern constellation Sculptor. The cluster's mass forms a gravitational lens that magnifies distant sources, adding to Webb's already considerable reach.

For much of its first billion years, the universe was immersed in a fog of neutral hydrogen gas. Today, this gas is ionized — stripped of its electrons. Astronomers, who refer to this transformation as reionization, have long wondered which types of objects were most responsible: big galaxies, small galaxies, or supermassive black holes in active galaxies. As one of its main goals, NASA's Webb was specifically designed to address key questions about this major transition in the history of the universe.

Recent studies have shown that small galaxies undergoing vigorous star formation could have played an outsized role. Such galaxies are rare today, making up only about 1% of those around us. But they were abundant when the universe was about 800 million years old, an epoch astronomers refer to as redshift 7, when reionization was well underway.

The team searched for small galaxies of the right cosmic age that showed signs of extreme star formation, called starbursts, in NIRCam images of the cluster.

"Low-mass galaxies gather less neutral hydrogen gas around them, which makes it easier for ionizing ultraviolet light to escape," Rhoads said. "Likewise, starburst episodes not only produce plentiful ultraviolet light — they also carve channels into a galaxy's interstellar matter that helps this light break out."

The astronomers looked for strong sources of a specific wavelength of light that signifies the presence of high-energy processes: a green line emitted by oxygen atoms that have lost two electrons. Originally emitted as visible light in the early cosmos, the green glow from doubly ionized oxygen was stretched into the infrared as it traversed the expanding universe and eventually reached Webb's instruments.

This technique revealed 83 small starburst galaxies as they appear when the universe was 800 million years old, or about 6% of its current age of 13.8 billion years. The team selected 20 of these for deeper inspection using NIRSpec.

"These galaxies are so small that, to build the equivalent stellar mass of our own Milky Way galaxy, you'd need from 2,000 to 200,000 of them," Malhotra said. "But we are able to detect them because of our novel sample selection technique combined with gravitational lensing."

Similar types of galaxies in the present-day universe, such as green peas, release about 25% of their ionizing ultraviolet light into surrounding space. If the low-mass starburst galaxies explored by Wold and his team release a similar amount, they can account for all of the ultraviolet light needed to convert the universe's neutral hydrogen to its ionized form.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).

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A rare and bewildering intermediate between crystal and glass can be the most stable arrangement for some combinations of atoms, according to a study from the University of Michigan.

The findings come from the first quantum-mechanical simulations of quasicrystals — a type of solid that scientists once thought couldn't exist. While the atoms in quasicrystals are arranged in a lattice, as in a crystal, the pattern of atoms doesn't repeat like it does in conventional crystals. The new simulation method suggests quasicrystals — like crystals — are fundamentally stable materials, despite their similarity to disordered solids like glass that form as a consequence of rapid heating and cooling.

"We need to know how to arrange atoms into specific structures if we want to design materials with desired properties," said Wenhao Sun, the Dow Early Career Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and the corresponding author of the paper published today in Nature Physics. "Quasicrystals have forced us to rethink how and why certain materials can form. Until our study, it was unclear to scientists why they existed."

Quasicrystals seemed to defy physics when they were first described by Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman in 1984. While experimenting with alloys of aluminum and manganese, Shechtman realized that some of the metals' atoms were arranged in an icosahedral structure resembling many 20-sided dice joined at their faces. This shape gave the material five-fold symmetry — identical from five different vantage points.

Scientists at the time thought that the atoms inside crystals could only be arranged in sequences repeating in each direction, but five-fold symmetry precluded such patterns. Shechtman initially faced intense scrutiny for suggesting the impossible, but other labs later produced their own quasicrystals and found them in billion-year-old meteorites.

Shechtman eventually earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2011 for his discovery, but scientists still couldn't answer fundamental questions on how quasicrystals formed. The roadblock was that density-functional theory — the quantum-mechanical method for calculating a crystal's stability — relies on patterns that infinitely repeat in a sequence, which quasicrystals lack.

"The first step to understanding a material is knowing what makes it stable, but it has been hard to tell how quasicrystals were stabilized," said Woohyeon Baek, a U-M doctoral student in materials science and engineering and the study's first author.

The atoms in any given material usually arrange into crystals so that the chemical bonds achieve the lowest possible energy. Scientists call such structures enthalpy-stabilized crystals. But other materials form because they have high entropy, meaning there are a lot of different ways for its atoms to be arranged or vibrate.

Glass is one example of an entropy-stabilized solid. It forms when melted silica quickly cools, flash-freezing the atoms into a patternless form. But if the cooling rates slow, or a base is added to heated silica, the atoms can arrange into quartz crystals — the preferred, lowest energy state at room temperature. Quasicrystals are a puzzling intermediate between glass and crystal. They have locally ordered atomic arrangements like crystals, but like glass, they do not form long-range, repeating patterns.

To determine if quasicrystals are enthalpy- or entropy-stabilized, the researcher's method scoops out smaller nanoparticles from a larger simulated block of quasicrystal. The researchers then calculate the total energy in each nanoparticle, which doesn't require an infinite sequence because the particle has defined boundaries.

Since the energy in a nanoparticle is related to its volume and surface area, repeating the calculations for nanoparticles of increasing sizes allows the researchers to extrapolate the total energy inside a larger block of quasicrystal. With this method, the researchers discovered that two well-studied quasicrystals are enthalpy-stabilized. One is an alloy of scandium and zinc, the other of ytterbium and cadmium.

The most accurate estimates of quasicrystal energy require the largest particles possible, but scaling up the nanoparticles is difficult with standard algorithms. For nanoparticles with only hundreds of atoms, doubling the atoms increases the computing time eightfold. But the researchers found a solution for the computing bottleneck, too.

"In conventional algorithms, every computer processor needs to communicate with one another, but our algorithm is up to 100 times faster because only the neighboring processors communicate, and we effectively use GPU acceleration in supercomputers," said study co-author Vikram Gavini, a U-M professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering.

"We can now simulate glass and amorphous materials, interfaces between different crystals, as well as crystal defects that can enable quantum computing bits."

The research is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and relied on computing resources housed at the University of Texas, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

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Scientists know the stomach talks to the brain, but two new studies from Rutgers Health researchers suggest the conversation is really a tug-of-war, with one side urging another bite, the other signaling "enough."

Together, the papers inNature MetabolismandNature Communicationstrace the first complementary wiring diagram of hunger and satiety in ways that could refine today's blockbuster weight-loss drugs and blunt their side effects.

One study, led by Zhiping Pang of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School's Center for NeuroMetabolism, pinpointed a slender bundle of neurons that runs from the hypothalamus to the brainstem.

The cells bristle with GLP-1 receptors, the proteins mimicked by weight-loss drugs such as Ozempic. When Pang's team hit the pathway with pulses of light, well-fed mice quit eating; when they silenced the circuit or deleted the receptor, the animals packed on weight. Fasting weakened the connection until a burst of natural or synthetic GLP-1 restored it.

"The synapse is a volume knob that only turns up when energy stores are low," Pang said, warning that drugs that keep the signal high around the clock could disrupt the brain's normal rhythm and create some of the side effects of GLP-1 drugs such as nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea and muscle wasting.

For the other paper, Mark Rossi, who co-leads the Center for NeuroMetabolism with Pang, charted the circuit that triggers hunger. His group traced inhibitory neurons in the stria terminalis to similar cells in the lateral hypothalamus.

When researchers triggered the connection, a suddenly hungry mouse would sprint for sugar water; when they blocked it, the animals lounged even after a long fast.

Hormones modulated the effect. An injection of ghrelin, the gut's hunger messenger, revved food seeking, while leptin, the satiety signal, slammed it shut. Overfed mice gradually lost the response, but it returned after diets made them thin again.

"Pang's pathway shuts things down," Rossi said. "Ours steps on the accelerator."

Although the circuits sit in different corners of the brain, members of both teams saw the same principle: Energy state rewires synapses quickly. During a fast, the hunger circuit gains sensitivity while the satiety circuit loosens; after a meal, the relationship flips.

It is the first time researchers have watched the push-pull mechanism operate in parallel pathways, a yin-yang arrangement that may explain why diets and drugs that treat only one side of the equation often lose power over time and may help in making drugs that work even better than today's generation of GLP-1 medications.

GLP-1 mimics such as Wegovy and Zepbound can trigger double-digit weight loss but also nausea, diarrhea and, in some cases, muscle wasting. Pang's data suggest a therapy targeting only the brainstem circuit and sparing peripheral organs might curb eating without the side effects. Conversely, Rossi's work hints that restoring the body's response to the hunger-regulating hormone ghrelin could help dieters who plateau after months of calorie cutting.

Both projects relied on the modern toolkit of neural biology – optogenetics to fire axons with laser light, chemogenetics to silence them, fiber-optic photometry to watch calcium pulses and old-fashioned patch-clamp recordings to monitor single synapses. Those techniques allowed the researchers to tune individual pathways with a precision that has only recently become possible.

Follow-up work from both teams will explore more questions that could improve drug design. Pang wants to measure GLP-1 release in real time to see whether short bursts, rather than constant exposure, are enough to calm appetite. Rossi is cataloging the molecular identity of his hunger-trigger cells in hopes of finding drug targets that steer craving without crushing the joy of eating.

"You want to keep the system's flexibility," Rossi said. "It's the difference between dimming the lights and flicking them off."

Allowing the brain to correctly rebalance the desire to eat or stop eating throughout the day, rather than using drugs to keep desire constantly low, may be an important ingredient in tomorrow's weight-loss prescriptions.

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The vast majority of pangolin hunting in African forest landscapes is done for meat consumed by people in the region, rather than for scales shipped to East Asia, a new study led by the University of Cambridge suggests.

Pangolins are the most heavily trafficked wild mammal in the world. A solitary, insect-eating animal about the size of a large domestic cat*, pangolins are famous for their highly prized keratin scales — a staple of traditional Chinese medicine.

All eight existing pangolin species are threatened with extinction and on the IUCN's Red List, with three Asian species categorised as critically endangered.

As Asian pangolins have declined dramatically, Nigeria has seen a boom in the export of pangolin scales to Asia. While hunting pangolins is illegal in Nigeria the West African country is now the world's largest hub for the criminal trade in pangolin products.

However, a new study published in the journalNature Ecology & Evolutionsuggests that some 98% of Nigerian pangolins are caught for meat first and foremost, with around two-thirds of scales from these animals simply thrown away.

A research team led by Cambridge collected data from over eight hundred hunters and traders in thirty-three locations across Nigeria's Cross River Forest region, primarily between 2020 and 2023, during which time the conservationists estimate that around 21,000 pangolins were killed annually in the area.

Almost all pangolins were captured "opportunistically" or during general hunting trips (97%) rather than sought out, and caught primarily for meat (98%). Around 71% of pangolins were consumed by hunters themselves, with 27% traded locally as food.

Perhaps surprisingly, given their potential overseas value, around 70% of the scales were discarded, while less than 30% were sold on. However, researchers calculated that, per animal, pangolin meat fetched 3-4 times the price of scales at local Nigerian markets.

"Thousands of kilos of pangolin scales are seized at Nigeria's ports, creating the impression that the international demand for scales is behind pangolin exploitation in West Africa," said study lead author and Gates Cambridge Scholar Dr Charles Emogor, who conducted the research for his PhD at the University of Cambridge's Department of Zoology.

"When we spoke to hunters and traders on the ground around the Cross River forest, the largest stronghold for Nigeria's pangolins, it was obvious that meat was the motivation for almost all of the pangolin killings."

"We found that dedicated pangolin hunts are virtually non-existent. Most pangolins are killed by hunters out for any type of game," said Emogor, now a Schmidt Science Fellow split between Cambridge, UK, and Harvard, US.

"Around a third of pangolins are caught opportunistically, often while people are working in the fields. Pangolins curl into a ball when threatened, which sadly makes them easy to catch." Among frequent hunters, by far the most common method of catching pangolins was given as simply picking them up by hand.

While Emogor says the demands of traditional medicine markets are exacerbating the decline of African pangolins — his previous research showed that just shipments intercepted by Nigerian authorities between 2010 and 2021 amounted to 190,407 kilos of pangolin scales taken from around 800,000 dead creatures — pangolins have been exploited in West Africa long before being trafficked to Asia.

The meat is a delicacy in parts of Nigeria, often procured for pregnant women in the belief it helps produce strong babies. Emogor and colleagues surveyed hunters and Cross River locals on "palatability": asking them to rank the tastiness of almost a hundred different animals eaten in the region, from domestic beef and chicken to catfish, monkeys and antelope.

The three major African pangolin species were rated as the most palatable of all available meats, with average scores of almost nine out of ten, and the giant pangolin considered the topmost appetising meat in the region.

"Pangolins face a lethal combination of threats," said Emogor. "Pangolins are easy to hunt, breed slowly, taste good to humans, and are falsely believed to have curative properties in traditional medicines. In addition, their forest habitat is being destroyed."

Emogor's research led him to set up Pangolino in 2021, a global network of volunteers, scientists and pangolin enthusiasts committed to saving the endangered animal. He points out that the cost of policy interventions to tackle meat-driven pangolin trading might be cheaper than those for an international scales market.

These should include anti-poaching patrols as well as community programmes focused on food security. Through Pangolino, Emogor is piloting interventions in four Southeast Nigerian communities by helping create by-laws that prohibit pangolin killing, with financial rewards for compliance.

"Clearly in designing any intervention we need good information on what's motivating the hunters," said Prof Andrew Balmford, co-author from Cambridge's Department of Zoology. "That's why studies such as this are vital for effective conservation of endangered species."

While the latest study focused on Nigeria, researchers say their pangolin hunting and consumption data echo that from countries such as Cameroon and Gabon — suggesting these patterns may be Africa-wide.

Raised on the edge of the Cross River National Park, home to Nigeria's endangered white-bellied and black-bellied pangolins, Emogor grew up surrounded by wildlife. Yet during childhood he only ever saw dead pangolins, and didn't encounter a living animal until his mid-twenties.

"If we lose the pangolin, we lose 80 million years of evolution," said Emogor. "Pangolins are the only mammals with scales, and their ancestors existed when dinosaurs still roamed the planet," added Emogor.

The latest study was conducted by an international team of researchers from the University of Cambridge, Wildlife Conservation Society, Pangolin Protection Network, University of Washington, CIFOR, CARE International, as well as the UK universities of Oxford, Exeter and Kent.

*While this is a rough size for some African species, such as the White-bellied pangolin, the Giant Pangolin can grow up to 30kg in weight.

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In a new study, physicists at the University of Colorado Boulder have used a cloud of atoms chilled down to incredibly cold temperatures to simultaneously measure acceleration in three dimensions — a feat that many scientists didn't think was possible.

The device, a new type of atom "interferometer," could one day help people navigate submarines, spacecraft, cars and other vehicles more precisely.

"Traditional atom interferometers can only measure acceleration in a single dimension, but we live within a three-dimensional world," said Kendall Mehling, a co-author of the new study and a graduate student in the Department of Physics at CU Boulder. "To know where I'm going, and to know where I've been, I need to track my acceleration in all three dimensions."

The researchers published their paper, titled "Vector atom accelerometry in an optical lattice," this month in the journalScience Advances. The team included Mehling; Catie LeDesma, a postdoctoral researcher in physics; and Murray Holland, professor of physics and fellow of JILA, a joint research institute between CU Boulder and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

In 2023, NASA awarded the CU Boulder researchers a $5.5 million grant through the agency's Quantum Pathways Institute to continue developing the sensor technology.

The new device is a marvel of engineering: Holland and his colleagues employ six lasers as thin as a human hair to pin a cloud of tens of thousands of rubidium atoms in place. Then, with help from artificial intelligence, they manipulate those lasers in complex patterns — allowing the team to measure the behavior of the atoms as they react to small accelerations, like pressing the gas pedal down in your car.

Today, most vehicles track acceleration using GPS and traditional, or "classical," electronic devices known as accelerometers. The team's quantum device has a long way to go before it can compete with these tools. But the researchers see a lot of promise for navigation technology based on atoms.

"If you leave a classical sensor out in different environments for years, it will age and decay," Mehling said. "The springs in your clock will change and warp. Atoms don't age."

Interferometers, in some form or another, have been around for centuries — and they've been used to do everything from transporting information over optical fibers to searching for gravitational waves, or ripples in the fabric of the universe.

The general idea involves splitting things apart and bringing them back together, not unlike unzipping, then zipping back up a jacket.

In laser interferometry, for example, scientists first shine a laser light, then split it into two, identical beams that travel over two separate paths. Eventually, they bring the beams back together. If the lasers have experienced diverging effects along their journeys, such as gravity acting in different ways, they may not mesh perfectly when they recombine. Put differently, the zipper might get stuck. Researchers can make measurements based on how the two beams, once identical, now interfere with each other — hence the name.

In the current study, the team achieved the same feat, but with atoms instead of light.

Here's how it works: The device currently fits on a bench about the size of an air hockey table. First, the researchers cool a collection of rubidium atoms down to temperatures just a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

In that frigid realm, the atoms form a mysterious quantum state of matter known as a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). Carl Wieman, then a physicist at CU Boulder, and Eric Cornell of JILA won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for creating the first BEC.

Next, the team uses laser light to jiggle the atoms, splitting them apart. In this case, that doesn't mean that groups of atoms are separating. Instead, each individual atom exists in a ghostly quantum state called a superposition, in which it can be simultaneously in two places at the same time.

When the atoms split and separate, those ghosts travel away from each other following two different paths. (In the current experiment, the researchers didn't actually move the device itself but used lasers to push on the atoms, causing acceleration).

"Our Bose-Einstein Condensate is a matter-wave pond made of atoms, and we throw stones made of little packets of light into the pond, sending ripples both left and right," Holland said. "Once the ripples have spread out, we reflect them and bring them back together where they interfere."

When the atoms snap back together, they form a unique pattern, just like the two beams of laser light zipping together but more complex. The result resembles a thumb print on a glass.

"We can decode that fingerprint and extract the acceleration that the atoms experienced," Holland said.

The group spent almost three years building the device to achieve this feat.

"For what it is, the current experimental device is incredibly compact. Even though we have 18 laser beams passing through the vacuum system that contains our atom cloud, the entire experiment is small enough that we could deploy in the field one day," LeDesma said.

One of the secrets to that success comes down to an artificial intelligence technique called machine learning. Holland explained that splitting and recombining the rubidium atoms requires adjusting the lasers through a complex, multi-step process. To streamline the process, the group trained a computer program that can plan out those moves in advance.

So far, the device can only measure accelerations several thousand times smaller than the force of Earth's gravity. Currently available technologies can do a lot better.

But the group is continuing to improve its engineering and hopes to increase the performance of its quantum device many times over in the coming years. Still, the technology is a testament to just how useful atoms can be.

"We're not exactly sure of all the possible ramifications of this research, because it opens up a door," Holland said.

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Satellite data used by archaeologists to find traces of ancient ruins hidden under dense forest canopies can also be used to improve the speed and accuracy to measure how much carbon is retained and released in forests.

Understanding this carbon cycle is key to climate change research, according to Hamdi Zurqani, an assistant professor of geospatial science for the Arkansas Forest Resources Center and the College of Forestry, Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Arkansas at Monticello. The center is headquartered at UAM and conducts research and extension activities through the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station and the Cooperative Extension Service, the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture's research and outreach arms.

"Forests are often called the lungs of our planet, and for good reason," Zurqani said. "They store roughly 80 percent of the world's terrestrial carbon and play a critical role in regulating Earth's climate."

To measure a forest's carbon cycle, a calculation of forest aboveground biomass is needed. Though effective, traditional ground-based methods for estimating forest aboveground biomass are labor-intensive, time-consuming and limited in spatial coverage abilities, Zurqani said.

In a study recently published inEcological Informatics, Zurqani shows how information from open-access satellites can be integrated on Google Earth Engine with artificial intelligence algorithms to quickly and accurately map large-scale forest aboveground biomass, even in remote areas where accessibility is often an issue.

Zurqani's novel approach uses data from NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation LiDAR, also known as GEDI LiDAR, which includes three lasers installed on the International Space Station. The system can precisely measure three-dimensional forest canopy height, canopy vertical structure and surface elevation. LiDAR stands for "light detection and ranging" and uses light pulses to measure distance and create 3D models.

Zurqani also used imagery data from the European Space Agency's collection of Earth observation Copernicus Sentinel satellites — Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2. Combining the 3D imagery from GEDI and the optical imagery from the Sentinels, Zurqani improved the accuracy of biomass estimations.

The study tested four machine learning algorithms to analyze the data: Gradient tree boosting, random forest, classification and regression trees, or CART, and support vector machine. Gradient tree boosting achieved the highest accuracy score and the lowest error rates. Random forest came in second, proving reliable but slightly less precise. CART provided reasonable estimates but tended to focus on a smaller subset. The support vector machine algorithm struggled, Zurqani said, highlighting that not all AI models are equally suited for estimating aboveground forest biomass in this study.

The most accurate predictions, Zurqani said, came from combining Sentinel-2 optical data, vegetation indices, topographic features, and canopy height with the GEDI LiDAR dataset serving as the reference input for both training and testing the machine learning models, showing that multi-source data integration is critical for reliable biomass mapping.

Zurqani said that accurate forest biomass mapping has real-world implications for better accounting of carbon and improved forest management on a global scale. With more accurate assessments, governments and organizations can more precisely track carbon sequestration and emissions from deforestation to inform policy decisions.

While the study marks a leap forward in measuring aboveground forest biomass, Zurqani said the challenges remaining include the impact weather can have on satellite data. Some regions still lack high-resolution LiDAR coverage. He added that future research may explore deeper AI models, such as neural networks, to refine predictions further.

"One thing is clear," Zurqani said. "As climate change intensifies, technology like this will be indispensable in safeguarding our forests and the planet."

Materialsprovided byUniversity of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. Original written by John Lovett.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

To allow studying the genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder, a Kobe University research team created a bank of 63 mouse embryonic stem cell lines containing the mutations most strongly associated with the disorder. The achievement was made possible by developing a new and more efficient method for changing the genome of embryonic stem cells.

Although it is well understood that genetics influence the development of autism spectrum disorder, no one could yet pinpoint the precise cause and mechanism. To study the biological background of diseases, researchers use models: Cell models allow us to study how changes in the genes affect the shape and function of the cell, while animal models show how the change in its cellular components affects health and behavior. Despite significant differences between mice and humans, many disease-causing genes are very similar and cause similar conditions across these species. “One of the problems, however, is the lack of a standardized biological model to study the effects of the different mutations associated with autism spectrum disorder. This makes it difficult to find out, for example, whether they have common effects or what is specific to certain cell types,” explains Kobe University neuroscientist TAKUMI Toru.

Thus, twelve years ago, Takumi and his team embarked on a journey to change that. Being experts in studying mouse models of the disorder, they combined a conventional manipulation technique for mouse embryonic stem cells — cells that can be made to develop into almost any kind of cell in the body — with the then-newly discovered, highly specific and easy-to-handle CRISPR gene editing system. This new method proved highly efficient in making genetic variants of these cells and allowed the Kobe University team to produce a bank of 63 mouse embryonic stem cell lines of the genetic variants most strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder.

In the journalCell Genomics, Takumi and his team now published that they were able to develop their cells into a broad range of cell types and tissues, and even generate adult mice with their genetic variations. The analysis of these alone proved that their cell lines were adequate models for studying autism spectrum disorder. However, the cell lines also allowed them to conduct large-scale data analyses to clearly identify genes that are abnormally active, and in which cell types this is the case.

One of the things the data analysis brought to light is that autism-causing mutations often result in neurons being unable to eliminate misshapen proteins. “This is particularly interesting since the local production of proteins is a unique feature in neurons, and a lack of quality control of these proteins may be a causal factor of neuronal defects,” explains Takumi.

The Kobe University neuroscientist expects that his team’s achievement, which has been made available to other researchers and can be flexibly integrated with other lab techniques and adjusted to other targets, will be an invaluable resource for the scientific community studying autism and trying to find drug targets. He adds: “Interestingly, the genetic variants we studied are also implicated in other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. So, this library may be useful for studying other conditions as well.”

This research was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grants 16H06316, 16F16110, 21H00202, 21H04813, 23KK0132, 23H04233, 24H00620, 24H01241, 24K22036, 17K07119 and 21K07820), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant JP21wm0425011), the Japan Science and Technology Agency (grants JPMJPF2018, JPMJMS2299 and JPMJMS229B), the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (grant 6-9), the Takeda Science Foundation, the Smoking Research Foundation, the Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation, the Kawano Masanori Memorial Public Interest Incorporated Foundation for Promotion of Pediatrics, the Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation, the Tokumori Yasumoto Memorial Trust for Researches on Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Related Rare Neurological Diseases, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. It was conducted in collaboration with researchers from the RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Radboud University, the RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, and Hiroshima University.

Kobe University is a national university with roots dating back to the Kobe Higher Commercial School founded in 1902. It is now one of Japan’s leading comprehensive research universities with nearly 16,000 students and nearly 1,700 faculty in 11 faculties and schools and 15 graduate schools. Combining the social and natural sciences to cultivate leaders with an interdisciplinary perspective, Kobe University creates knowledge and fosters innovation to address society’s challenges.

Materialsprovided byKobe University.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.