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For the first time, scientists have used Earth-based telescopes to look back over 13 billion years to see how the first stars in the universe affect light emitted from the Big Bang.

Using telescopes high in the Andes mountains of northern Chile, astrophysicists have measured this polarized microwave light to create a clearer picture of one of the least understood epochs in the history of the universe, the Cosmic Dawn.

"People thought this couldn't be done from the ground. Astronomy is a technology-limited field, and microwave signals from the Cosmic Dawn are famously difficult to measure," said Tobias Marriage, project leader and a Johns Hopkins professor of physics and astronomy. "Ground-based observations face additional challenges compared to space. Overcoming those obstacles makes this measurement a significant achievement."

Cosmic microwaves are mere millimeters in wavelength and very faint. The signal from polarized microwave light is about a million times fainter. On Earth, broadcast radio waves, radar, and satellites can drown out their signal, while changes in the atmosphere, weather, and temperature can distort it. Even in perfect conditions, measuring this type of microwave requires extremely sensitive equipment.

Scientists from the U.S. National Science Foundation's Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor, or CLASS, project used telescopes uniquely designed to detect the fingerprints left by the first stars in the relic Big Bang light — a feat that previously had only been accomplished by technology deployed in space, such as the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and European Space Agency Planck space telescopes.

The new research, led by Johns Hopkins University and the University of Chicago, was published today inThe Astrophysical Journal.

By comparing the CLASS telescope data with the data from the Planck and WMAP space missions, the researchers identified interference and narrowed in on a common signal from the polarized microwave light.

Polarization happens when light waves run into something and then scatter.

"When light hits the hood of your car and you see a glare, that's polarization. To see clearly, you can put on polarized glasses to take away glare," said first author Yunyang Li, who was a PhD student at Johns Hopkins and then a fellow at University of Chicago during the research. "Using the new common signal, we can determine how much of what we're seeing is cosmic glare from light bouncing off the hood of the Cosmic Dawn, so to speak."

After the Big Bang, the universe was a fog of electrons so dense that light energy was unable to escape. As the universe expanded and cooled, protons captured the electrons to form neutral hydrogen atoms, and microwave light was then free to travel through the space in between. When the first stars formed during the Cosmic Dawn, their intense energy ripped electrons free from the hydrogen atoms. The research team measured the probability that a photon from the Big Bang encountered one of the freed electrons on its way through the cloud of ionized gas and skittered off course.

The findings will help better define signals coming from the residual glow of the Big Bang, or the cosmic microwave background, and form a clearer picture of the early universe.

"Measuring this reionization signal more precisely is an important frontier of cosmic microwave background research," said Charles Bennett, a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins who led the WMAP space mission. "For us, the universe is like a physics lab. Better measurements of the universe help to refine our understanding of dark matter and neutrinos, abundant but elusive particles that fill the universe. By analyzing additional CLASS data going forward, we hope to reach the highest possible precision that's achievable."

Building on research published last year that used the CLASS telescopes to map 75% of the night sky, the new results also help solidify the CLASS team's approach.

"No other ground-based experiment can do what CLASS is doing," says Nigel Sharp, program director in the NSF Division of Astronomical Sciences which has supported the CLASS instrument and research team since 2010. "The CLASS team has greatly improved measurement of the cosmic microwave polarization signal and this impressive leap forward is a testament to the scientific value produced by NSF's long-term support."

The CLASS observatory operates in the Parque Astronómico Atacama in northern Chile under the auspices of the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo.

Other collaborators are at Villanova University, the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the University of Chicago, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Argonne National Laboratory, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the University of Oslo, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of British Columbia. Collaborators in Chile are at the Universidad de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad de Concepción, and the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción.

The observatory is funded by the National Science Foundation, Johns Hopkins, and private donors.

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Solar power is growing by leaps and bounds in the United States, propelled by climate mitigation policies and carbon-free energy goals — and California is leading the way as the nation's top producer of solar electricity. A new study inEnergy Strategy Reviewshas revealed a dark side to the state's breakneck pace for solar investment, deployment, and adoption, taking a first-time look at patterns of public and private sector corruption in the California solar market.

Researchers at the Boston University Institute for Global Sustainability (IGS) have identified seven distinct types of corruption abuses and risks in California solar energy. Among them, favoritism in project approvals, including a high-profile incident at the senior ranks of the U.S. Department of the Interior involving an intimate relationship with a solar company lobbyist. To fully realize a just energy transition, the authors call for major solar reforms in California as the U.S. increasingly relies on solar energy to decarbonize its electricity sector.

"It's a wake-up call that the solar industry cannot continue on its current trajectory of bad governance and bad behavior."

"In this groundbreaking study, we find that efforts to accelerate solar infrastructure deployment in California end up contributing to a sobering array of corruption practices and risks. These include shocking abuses of power in the approval and licensing phases as well as the displacement of Indigenous groups, and also nefarious patterns of tax evasion or the falsification of information about solar projects," says lead author Benjamin Sovacool, who is the director of IGS and a Boston University professor of earth and environment. "It's a wake-up call that the solar industry cannot continue on its current trajectory of bad governance and bad behavior."

Drawing on a literature review and original interviews and fieldwork, the study's authors arrive at a framework that helps explore the wider socio-political realities driving corruption at a time of explosive growth in the California solar market, from 2010 to 2024. During this period, the state's solar energy production increased exponentially, reaching 79,544 gigawatt hours in 2024, or enough to power approximately 7.4 million U.S. households for a year, according to the State of Renewable Energy dashboard.

The research implicates solar energy in numerous corruption practices and risks that have adversely affected communities, policymaking and regulation, and siting decisions and planning.

"The most eye-opening finding for me is how common corruption is at every level of solar development, from small-scale vendors to high-level government officials, even in a well-regulated, progressive state like California," says co-author Alexander Dunlap, an IGS research fellow.

Favoritism and other forms of corruption

To understand how corruption undermines the solar market, the researchers focused on numerous utility-scale deployments in Riverside County, the fourth most populous county in California. They set out to document patterns of perceived corruption from a broad range of voices, gaining insights through organized focus groups and observation at different solar sites, as well as conducting interviews door-to-door and in a local supermarket parking lot. Respondents included residents in Blythe and Desert Center, California, impacted by solar energy development, solar construction workers, non-governmental organizations, solar company employees, federal agencies, and state and local governments.

While the study's authors acknowledge the difficulty of confirming individual claims of corruption, their mixed-methods research approach combines these personal assertions with analysis of news stories, court testimony, and other official sources to support their findings.

They point to a blend of public, private, social, and political patterns of corruption in the California solar energy market.

Outside of a few headline-making scandals, corruption in California's renewable energy sector has gone largely unexamined, allowing the underlying dynamics at play to erode the potential of a just energy transition. To remedy this, the study's authors recommend corruption risk mapping to document problematic practices and entities, subsidy registers and sunset clauses to deter rent-seeking and tax evasion, transparency initiatives aimed at environmental changes and data production (for Environmental Impact Assessment), strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws, and shared ownership models for solar to improve accountability.

This newly published study, "Sex for Solar? Examining Patterns of Public and Private Sector Corruption within the Booming California Solar Energy Market," is part of a larger IGS research project looking at injustices in U.S. solar and wind energy supply chains.

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Sea cucumbers are the ocean's janitors, cleaning the seabed and recycling nutrients back into the water. But this humble marine invertebrate could also hold the key to stopping the spread of cancer.

A sugar compound found in sea cucumbers can effectively block Sulf-2, an enzyme that plays a major role in cancer growth, according to a University of Mississippi-led study published inGlycobiology.

"Marine life produces compounds with unique structures that are often rare or not found in terrestrial vertebrates," said Marwa Farrag, a fourth-year doctoral candidate in the UM Department of BioMolecular Sciences.

"And so, the sugar compounds in sea cucumbers are unique. They aren't commonly seen in other organisms. That's why they're worth studying."

Farrag, a native of Assiut, Egypt, and the study's lead author, worked with a team of researchers from Ole Miss and Georgetown University on the project.

Human cells, and those of most mammals, are covered in tiny, hairlike structures called glycans that help with cell communication, immune responses and the recognition of threats such as pathogens. Cancer cells alter the expression of certain enzymes, including Sulf-2, which in turn modifies the structure of glycans. This modification helps cancer spread.

"The cells in our body are essentially covered in 'forests' of glycans," said Vitor Pomin, associate professor of pharmacognosy. "And enzymes change the function of this forest – essentially prunes the leaves of that forest.

"If we can inhibit that enzyme, theoretically, we are fighting against the spread of cancer."

Using both computer modeling and laboratory testing, the research team found that the sugar – fucosylated chondroitin sulfate – from the sea cucumber Holothuria floridana can effectively inhibit Sulf-2.

"We were able to compare what we generated experimentally with what the simulation predicted, and they were consistent," said Robert Doerksen, professor of medicinal chemistry. "That gives us more confidence in the results."

Unlike other Sulf-2 regulating medications, the sea cucumber compound does not interfere with blood clotting, said Joshua Sharp, UM associate professor of pharmacology.

"As you can imagine, if you are treating a patient with a molecule that inhibits blood coagulation, then one of the adverse effects that can be pretty devastating is uncontrolled bleeding," he said. "So, it's very promising that this particular molecule that we're working with doesn't have that effect."

As a marine-based cancer therapy, the sea cucumber compound may be easier to create and safer to use.

"Some of these drugs we have been using for 100 years, but we're still isolating them from pigs because chemically synthesizing it would be very, very difficult and very expensive," Sharp said. "That's why a natural source is really a preferred way to get at these carbohydrate-based drugs."

Unlike extracting carbohydrate-based drugs from pigs or other land mammals, extracting the compound from sea cucumbers does not carry a risk of transferring viruses and other harmful agents, Pomin said.

"It's a more beneficial and cleaner resource," he said. "The marine environment has many advantages compared to more traditional sources."

But sea cucumbers – some variants of which are a culinary delicacy in the Pacific Rim – aren't so readily abundant that scientists could go out and harvest enough to create a line of medication. The next step in the research is to find a way to synthesize the sugar compound for future testing.

"One of the problems in developing this as a drug would be the low yield, because you can't get tons and tons of sea cucumbers," Pomin said. "So, we have to have a chemical route, and when we've developed that, we can begin applying this to animal models."

The interdisciplinary nature of the scientific study, which featured researchers from chemistry, pharmacognosy and computational biology, underscored the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration in tackling complex diseases like cancer, Pomin said.

"This research took multiple expertise – mass spectrometry, biochemistry, enzyme inhibition, computation," Pomin said. "It's the effort of the whole team."

This work is based on material supported by the National Institutes of Health grant nos. 1P20GM130460-01A1-7936, R01CA238455, P30CA51008 and S10OD028623.

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Eating a high-fat diet containing a large amount of oleic acid – a type of fatty acid commonly found in olive oil – could drive obesity more than other types of dietary fats, according to a study published in the journalCell Reports.

The study found that oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat associated with obesity, causes the body to make more fat cells. By boosting a signaling protein called AKT2 and reducing the activity of a regulating protein called LXR, high levels of oleic acid resulted in faster growth of the precursor cells that form new fat cells.

"We know that the types of fat that people eat have changed during the obesity epidemic. We wanted to know whether simply overeating a diet rich in fat causes obesity, or whether the composition of these fatty acids that make up the oils in the diet is important. Do specific fat molecules trigger responses in the cells?" said Michael Rudolph, Ph.D., assistant professor of biochemistry and physiology at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine and member of OU Health Harold Hamm Diabetes Center.

Rudolph and his team, including Matthew Rodeheffer, Ph.D., of Yale University School of Medicine and other collaborators at Yale and New York University School of Medicine, fed mice a variety of specialized diets enriched in specific individual fatty acids, including those found in coconut oil, peanut oil, milk, lard and soybean oil. Oleic acid was the only one that caused the precursor cells that give rise to fat cells to proliferate more than other fatty acids.

"You can think of the fat cells as an army," Rudolph said. "When you give oleic acid, it initially increases the number of 'fat cell soldiers' in the army, which creates a larger capacity to store excess dietary nutrients. Over time, if the excess nutrients overtake the number of fat cells, obesity can occur, which can then lead to cardiovascular disease or diabetes if not controlled."

Unfortunately, it's not quite so easy to isolate different fatty acids in a human diet. People generally consume a complex mixture if they have cream in their coffee, a salad for lunch and meat and pasta for dinner. However, Rudolph said, there are increasing levels of oleic acid in the food supply, particularly when access to food variety is limited and fast food is an affordable option.

"I think the take-home message is moderation and to consume fats from a variety of different sources," he said. "Relatively balanced levels of oleic acid seem to be beneficial, but higher and prolonged levels may be detrimental. If someone is at risk for heart disease, high levels of oleic acid may not be a good idea."

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Researchers identify "meal memory" neurons in laboratory rats that could explain why forgetting lunch leads to overeating.

Scientists have discovered a specific group of brain cells that create memories of meals, encoding not just what food was eaten but when it was eaten. The findings, published today inNature Communications, could explain why people with memory problems often overeat and why forgetting about a recent meal can trigger excessive hunger and lead to disordered eating.

During eating, neurons in the ventral hippocampus region of the brain become active and form what the team of researchers call "meal engrams" — specialized memory traces that store information about the experience of food consumption. While scientists have long studied engrams for their role in storing memories and other experiences in the brain, the new study identified engrams dedicated to meal experiences.

"An engram is the physical trace that a memory leaves behind in the brain," said Scott Kanoski, professor of biological sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences and corresponding author of the study. "Meal engrams function like sophisticated biological databases that store multiple types of information such as where you were eating, as well as the time that you ate."

The discovery has immediate relevance for understanding human eating disorders. Patients with memory impairments, such as those with dementia or brain injuries that affect memory formation, may often consume multiple meals in quick succession because they cannot remember eating.

Furthermore, distracted eating — such as mindlessly snacking while watching television or scrolling on a phone — may impair meal memories and contribute to overconsumption.

Based on the experiment's findings, meal engrams are formed during brief pauses between bites when the brain of laboratory rats naturally survey the eating environment. These moments of awareness allow specialized hippocampal neurons to integrate multiple streams of information.

Kanoski said it can be assumed a human's brain would undergo a similar phenomenon. When someone's attention is focused elsewhere — on phone or television screens — these critical encoding moments are compromised. "The brain fails to properly catalog the meal experience," said Lea Decarie-Spain, postdoctoral scholar at USC Dornsife and the study's first author, "leading to weak or incomplete meal engrams."

The research team used advanced neuroscience techniques to observe the brain activity of laboratory rats as they ate, providing the first real-time view of how meal memories form.

The meal memory neurons are distinct from brain cells involved in other types of memory formation. When researchers selectively destroyed these neurons, lab rats showed impaired memory for food locations but retained normal spatial memory for non-food-related tasks, indicating a specialized system dedicated to meal-related information processing. The study revealed that meal memory neurons communicate with the lateral hypothalamus, a brain region long known to control hunger and eating behavior. When this hippocampus-hypothalamus connection was blocked, the lab rats overate and could not remember where meals were consumed.

Kanoski said the findings could eventually inform new clinical approaches for treating obesity and weight management. Current weight management strategies often focus on restricting food intake or increasing exercise, but the new research suggests that enhancing meal memory formation could be equally important.

"We're finally beginning to understand that remembering what and when you ate is just as crucial for healthy eating as the food choices themselves," Kanoski said.

In addition to Kanoski, other study authors include Lea Decarie-Spain, Cindy Gu, Logan Tierno Lauer, Alicia E. Kao, Iris Deng, Molly E. Klug, Alice I. Waldow, Ashyah Hewage Galbokke, Olivia Moody, Kristen N. Donohue, Keshav S. Subramanian, Serena X. Gao, Alexander G. Bashaw and Jessica J. Rea of USC; and Samar N. Chehimi, Richard C. Crist, Benjamin C. Reiner and Matthew R. Hayes from the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine; and Mingxin Yang and Guillaume de Lartigue from the Monell Chemical Senses Center; and Kevin P. Myers from the Department of Psychology at Bucknell University.

The study was supported by a Quebec Research Funds Postdoctoral Fellowship (315201), an Alzheimer's Association Research Fellowship (AARFD-22-972811), a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DK105155), and a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant (K104897).

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Star TOI-6894 is just like many in our galaxy, a small red dwarf, and only ~20% of the mass of our Sun. Like many small stars, it is not expected to provide suitable conditions for the formation and hosting of a large planet.

However, as published today inNature Astronomy,an international team of astronomers have found the unmistakable signature of a giant planet, called TOI-6894b, orbiting this tiny star.

This system has been discovered as part of a large-scale investigation of TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) data, looking for giant planets around low-mass stars, led by Dr. Edward Bryant, who completed this work at The University of Warwick and at UCL's Mullard Space Science Laboratory.

Dr. Edward Bryant, Warwick Astrophysics Prize Fellow and first author said: "I was very excited by this discovery. I originally searched through TESS observations of more than 91,000 low-mass red-dwarf stars looking for giant planets.

"Then, using observations taken with one of the world's largest telescopes, ESO's VLT, I discovered TOI-6894b, a giant planet transiting the lowest mass star known to date to host such a planet. We did not expect planets like TOI-6894b to be able to form around stars this low-mass. This discovery will be a cornerstone for understanding the extremes of giant planet formation."

The planet (TOI-6894b) is a low-density gas giant with a radius a little larger than Saturn's but with only ~50% of Saturn's mass. The star (TOI-6894) is the lowest mass star to have a transiting giant planet discovered to date and is just 60% the size of the next smallest star to host such a planet.

Dr. Daniel Bayliss, Associate Professor at The University of Warwick said: "Most stars in our Galaxy are actually small stars exactly like this, with low masses and previously thought to not be able to host gas giant planets. So, the fact that this star hosts a giant planet has big implications for the total number of giant planets we estimate exist in our Galaxy."

A Challenge to the Leading Theory

Dr Vincent Van Eylen, from UCL's Mullard Space Science Laboratory, said: "It's an intriguing discovery. We don't really understand how a star with so little mass can form such a massive planet! This is one of the goals of the search for more exoplanets. By finding planetary systems different from our solar system, we can test our models and better understand how our own solar system formed."

The most widely held theory of planet formation is called the core accretion theory. A planetary core forms first through accretion (gradual accumulation of material) and as the core becomes more massive, it eventually attracts gases that form an atmosphere. It then gets massive enough to enter a runaway gas accretion process to become a gas giant.

In this theory, the formation of gas giants is harder around low-mass stars because the amount of gas and dust in a protoplanetary disc around the star (the raw material of planet formation) is too limited to allow a massive enough core to form, and the runaway process to occur.

Yet the existence of TOI-6894b (a giant planet orbiting an extremely low-mass star) suggests this model cannot be completely accurate and alternative theories are needed.

Edward added: "Given the mass of the planet, TOI-6894b could have formed through an intermediate core-accretion process, in which a protoplanet forms and steadily accretes gas without the core becoming massive enough for runaway gas accretion.

"Alternatively, it could have formed because of a gravitationally unstable disc. In some cases, the disc surrounding the star will become unstable due to the gravitational force it exerts on itself. These discs can then fragment, with the gas and dust collapsing to form a planet."

But the team found that neither theory could completely explain the formation of TOI-6894b from the available data, which leaves the origin of this giant planet as an open question for now.

One avenue to shed light on the mystery of TOI-6894b's formation is a detailed atmospheric analysis. By measuring the distribution of material within the planet, astronomers can determine the size and structure of the planet's core, which can tell us whether TOI-6894b formed via accretion or via an unstable disc.

This is not the only interesting feature of TOI-6894b's atmosphere; it is unusually cold for a gas giant. Most of the gas giants found by exoplanet hunters are hot Jupiters, massive gas giants with temperatures of ~1000-2000 Kelvin. TOI-6894b, by comparison, is just 420 Kelvin. The cool temperature alongside other features of this planet, such as the very deep transits, makes it one of the most promising giant planets for astronomers to characterise with a cool atmosphere.

Professor Amaury Triaud, University of Birmingham, co-author, and member of the SPECULOOS collaboration said: "Based on the stellar irradiation of TOI-6894b, we expect the atmosphere is dominated by methane chemistry, which is exceedingly rare to identify. Temperatures are low enough that atmospheric observations could even show us ammonia, which would be the first time it is found in an exoplanet atmosphere.

"TOI-6894b likely presents a benchmark exoplanet for the study of methane-dominated atmospheres and the best 'laboratory' to study a planetary atmosphere containing carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen outside the Solar System."

The atmosphere of TOI-6894b is already scheduled to be observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) within the next 12 months. This should allow astronomers to determine which, if either, of the possible theories can explain the formation of this unexpected planet.

Co-author Dr. Andrés Jordán, researcher at the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics and professor at Adolfo Ibáñez University, said: "This system provides a new challenge for models of planet formation, and it offers a very interesting target for follow-up observations to characterize its atmosphere.

"This discovery is the result of a systematic program we have been carrying out for several years from Chile and the UK. Our efforts have allowed us to contribute significantly to a better understanding of how often small stars can form giant planets, and we are providing prime targets for follow-up with space-based platforms."

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A new study from Toho University reveals that female earwigs exhibit a similar pattern of exaggerated forceps growth as males, suggesting that both sexes may have evolved these traits through sexual selection.

Do larger male elk have proportionally larger antlers? The answer is no. In fact, larger individuals tend to have disproportionately larger antlers — a phenomenon known as positive allometry. This pattern, where certain body parts grow disproportionately large relative to body size, is observed not only in mammals but also in animals such as beetles and fiddler crabs. Evolutionary biologists interpret such traits as evidence of sexual selection — a process in which physical features evolve because they offer an advantage in competing for mates.

Male earwigs are known to show positive allometry in their forceps — pincer-like appendages at the tip of the abdomen — which are believed to have evolved as weapons in battles with rivals. But what about females? Female earwigs also have forceps — so what purpose do they serve?

Tomoki Matsuzawa (then an undergraduate) and Associate Professor Junji Konuma from Toho University's Department of Biology conducted the first quantitative study of female earwig forceps. Using morphometric analysis on the maritime earwigsAnisolabis maritima, they found that female forceps also display positive allometry — suggesting that they, too, may have evolved through sexual selection.

The team measured the head, thorax, abdomen, and bilateral forceps dimensions and analyzed shape differences in both sexes. They found that males have thick, short, and curved forceps, while females have thin, long, and straight ones — indicating clear sexual dimorphism. When they plotted body size against forceps width and length on a log-log scale, the results revealed a pattern of positive allometry in males: forceps width increased disproportionately with body size. Surprisingly, positive allometry was also found in females — in the length of the forceps. These results suggest that while the sexes differ in forceps shape, both may have evolved them as weapons — albeit in different ways.

Associate Professor Konuma explains:"A previous behavioral study has shown that female earwigs compete for small, non-aggressive males. Our findings suggest that female forceps may have evolved as effective weapons in such competition. While most earlier research focused only on males, our study highlights the importance of considering female traits as well when studying the evolution of insect morphologies."

These findings were published on June 12, 2025, in theBiological Journal of the Linnean Society.

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Scientists analyzing data from NASA's CODEX (Coronal Diagnostic Experiment) investigation have successfully evaluated the instrument's first images, revealing the speed and temperature of material flowing out from the Sun. These images, shared at a press event Tuesday at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Anchorage, Alaska, illustrate the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, is not a homogenous, steady flow of material, but an area with sputtering gusts of hot plasma. These images will help scientists improve their understanding of how the Sun impacts Earth and our technology in space.

"We really never had the ability to do this kind of science before," said Jeffrey Newmark, a heliophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the principal investigator for CODEX. "The right kind of filters, the right size instrumentation — all the right things fell into place. These are brand new observations that have never been seen before, and we think there's a lot of really interesting science to be done with it."

NASA's CODEX is a solar coronagraph, an instrument often employed to study the Sun's faint corona, or outer atmosphere, by blocking the bright face of the Sun. The instrument, which is installed on the International Space Station, creates artificial eclipses using a series of circular pieces of material called occulting disks at the end of a long telescope-like tube. The occulting disks are about the size of a tennis ball and are held in place by three metal arms.

Scientists often use coronagraphs to study visible light from the corona, revealing dynamic features, such as solar storms, that shape the weather in space, potentially impacting Earth and beyond.

"The CODEX instrument is doing something new," said Newmark. "Previous coronagraph experiments have measured the density of material in the corona, but CODEX is measuring the temperature and speed of material in the slowly varying solar wind flowing out from the Sun."

These new measurements allow scientists to better characterize the energy at the source of the solar wind.

The CODEX instrument uses four narrow-band filters — two for temperature and two for speed — to capture solar wind data. "By comparing the brightness of the images in each of these filters, we can tell the temperature and speed of the coronal solar wind," said Newmark.

Understanding the speed and temperature of the solar wind helps scientists build a more accurate picture of the Sun, which is necessary for modeling and predicting the Sun's behaviors.

"The CODEX instrument will impact space weather modeling by providing constraints for modelers to use in the future," said Newmark. "We're excited for what's to come."

CODEX is a collaboration between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) with additional contribution from Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF).

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A Danish-German research collaboration with participation of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) aims to develop new quantum light sources and technology for scalable quantum networks based on the rare-earth element erbium. The project EQUAL (Erbium-based silicon quantum light sources) is funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark with 40 million Danish crowns (about 5.3 million euros). It started in May of 2025 and will run for five years.

Quantum technology enables unbreakable encryption and entirely new types of computers, which in the future are expected to be connected through optical quantum networks. However, this requires quantum light sources that do not exist today. The new project aims to change that.

"It is a really difficult task, but we have also set a really strong team. One of the toughest goals is to integrate quantum light sources with quantum memories. This seemed unrealistic just a few years ago, but now we see a path forward," says the project coordinator Søren Stobbe, professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU).

The technological vision is based on combining nanophotonic chips from DTU with unique technologies in materials, nanoelectromechanics, nanolithography, and quantum systems. There are many different types of quantum light sources today, but either they do not work with quantum memories, or they are incompatible with optical fibers.

There is actually only one viable option: the element erbium. However, erbium interacts too weakly with light. The interaction needs to be significantly enhanced, and this is now possible thanks to new nanophotonic technology developed at DTU. But the project requires not only advanced nanophotonics, but also quantum technology, integrated photonics with extremely low power consumption, and new nanofabrication methods – all of which hold great potential.

HZDR will help develop new sources of quantum light using silicon, the very same material found in everyday electronics. These light sources will work at the same wavelengths used in fiber-optic communication, making them ideal for future quantum technologies like secure communication and powerful computing. "We intend to use advanced ion beam techniques to implant erbium atoms into tiny silicon structures and study how using ultra-pure silicon can improve their performance. This research will lay the foundation for building quantum devices that can be integrated into today's technology," explains Dr. Yonder Berencén, the project's principal investigator from the Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research at HZDR.

The EQUAL team has access to further technological input from partnering institutions: quantum networks from Humboldt University in Berlin, nanotechnology from Beamfox Technologies ApS, and integrated photonics from Lizard Photonics ApS.

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No more hunger after cooking? A newly identified network of nerve cells is responsible, a research group at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research has discovered in mice. They discovered a direct connection from the nose to a group of nerve cells in the brain that are activated by the smell of food and, when activated, trigger a feeling of fullness. This was not the case in obese mice. This discovery suggests that treating obesity might require different advice about smelling food before a meal based on a person's weight.

The researchers used brain scans to investigate which regions of the mice's brains respond to food odours, and were able to identify a new group of nerve cells in the medial septum of the brain. These nerve cells respond to food in two steps: When the mouse smells food, the nerve cells fire and create a sensation of fullness. This happens within a few seconds because the nerve cells are directly connected to the olfactory bulb. The nerve cells react to different food smells, but not to other smells. When the mice started to eat, the nerve cells were inhibited. Overall, the mice ate less when these nerve cells are active before eating.

"We think this mechanism helps mice in the wild protect themselves from predators. By eating for shorter periods, they reduce their chances of being caught.," explains Janice Bulk, the first author of the study.

Excess weight disturbs perception

In obese mice, the same group of nerve cells was not activated when the mice could smell food. The mice did not feel fuller and did not eat less overall. The authors point out that it is already known that obesity disrupts the olfactory system, including neuronal activity in the olfactory bulb. The newly identified group of nerve cells could also be affected by obesity.

The human brain contains the same group of nerve cells as the mouse, but it is not yet known whether they also respond to food odours. Studies by other research groups have shown that smelling some specific odors before a meal can reduce people's appetite. In contrast, other studies have shown that overweight persons eat significantly more in the same situation.

"Our findings highlight how crucial it is to consider the sense of smell in appetite regulation and in the development of obesity. Our study shows how much our daily-lives' eating habits are influenced by the smell of food. Since we discovered that the pathway only reduces appetite in lean mice, but not in obese mice, our study opens up a new way to help prevent overeating in obesity," says Sophie Steculorum, the head of the study and research group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research.

Materialsprovided byMax Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.