Semua Kabar

A black box has been found at the site of the Air India plane crash in Ahmedabad, India's civil aviation minister said on Friday.

The flight data recorder was recovered within 28 hours by India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu confirmed.

All but one of the 242 people on the London-bound flight died when it crashed into a residential area less than 60 seconds after take-off on Thursday. An official told the BBC that at least eight people on the ground were also killed.

"The [recovery of the black box] marks an important step forward in the investigation" and will "significantly aid the inquiry" into the disaster, Mr Kinjarapu said.

Planes usually carry two black boxes – small but tough electronic data recorders.

One records flight data, such as altitude and speed. The other records sound from the cockpit, so investigators can hear what the pilots are saying and listen for any unusual noises.

AAIB is leading the inquiry into the cause of the crash, helped by teams from the US and UK. Boeing's chief executive, Kelly Ortberg, said the company was supporting the investigation.

Air India said there were 169 Indian nationals, 53 Britons, seven Portuguese and one Canadian on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft when it crashed moments after taking off from Ahmedabad's Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport at 13:39 local time (08:09 GMT).

Flight AI171 was scheduled to land at London's Gatwick Airport at 18:25 BST.

On Friday, the wreckage was still scattered across the crash site, including the blackened wing of the plane, with large pieces of the aircraft stuck in buildings.

Investigators arrived at the scene and crowds were moved further away from the wreckage.

A doctor told the BBC that they are relying on DNA from relatives to identify the victims. A police official at the post-mortem room told the BBC that the remains of six people had been released to families so far, as their relatives were able to identify them based on facial features.

The sole survivor of the crash, British national Vishwashkumar Ramesh, who was in seat 11A on the flight, is still recovering in hospital.

"I still cannot believe how I made it out alive,"he told India's state broadcaster DD Newson Thursday.

"At first, I thought I was going to die. I managed to open my eyes, unfastened my seat belt and tried to exit the plane."

Mr Ramesh, 40, who sustained burn injuries on his left hand, said he saw the aircraft crew and its passengers die in front of his eyes.

Meanwhile, desperate families are still waiting for news of their relatives.

Imtiaz Ali, whose brother Javed and his family were on the flight, said that until he sees his brother's body, he will not believe he has died.

"If I get sad and start crying, then I'll be uncontrollable," he told the BBC.

"No-one will be able to stop me… my heart might burst."

The plane crashed in a residential area called Meghani Nagar and, even though it had just taken off, the impact was severe. Wreckage spread over 200m (656ft), according to responders.

It is still unclear exactly how many were killed on the ground, but the BBC has been told that at least eight people, who were not on the aircraft, have died.

Dr Minakshi Parikh, the dean of the BJ Medical College and Civil Hospital, said four of their students died as the plane crashed into buildings on the campus.

"There were also four relatives of our doctors who were on the campus when the aircraft crashed – they too were killed," Dr Parikh said.

"We are relying only on DNA matching to identify them and it is something where we simply cannot rush or afford mistakes.

"We are working with sincerity. We want relatives to understand, and be a bit patient. We want to hand over [the bodies] as soon as possible."

On Friday, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi spent around 20 minutes at the site of the plane crash.

He did not speak to reporters afterwards but a video posted on his YouTube channel showed him walking around the site and inspecting the debris.

Modi also visited the location of a now-viral image that shows the tail of the crashed plane lodged in a building.

Earlier on Friday, Air India CEO Campbell Wilson also went to the crash site, later describing the visit as "deeply moving".

According to data by tracking website, Flightradar24, the Boeing Dreamliner 787-8 had completed more than 700 flights in the year leading up to the Thursday's disaster.

The Air India plane was 11 years old and its most common routes included flights between Mumbai and Dubai, as well as the capital New Delhi and European destinations such as Milan, Paris and Amsterdam.

The plane had operated 25 flights from Ahmedabad to London Gatwick in the past two years.

India's aviation regulator, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), has ordered additional safety checks on Air India's Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 fleet, describing it as a "preventive measure".

More than 30,000 lightning strikes were recorded overnight after thunderstorms swept across parts of England, the Met Office has said.

Yellow weather warnings for rain and thunderstorms remain in place for Wales, western and northern England, Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland on Saturday.

The vast majority of the lightning struck over the sea, however, torrential downpours also hit land, causing disruption in Kent with flooding in the Dover area.

Rain and lightning rolled in at around 22:00 BST on Friday after the country experienced its hottest day of the year so far with temperatures reaching 29.4C in West Suffolk.

This exceeded the previous recorded high of 29.3C in Kew, London, on 1 May.

Scotland also had its warmest day of the year so far with 25.7C recorded at Lossiemouth in Moray.

A spokesperson for the Met Office said that temperatures in the south east were "comfortably 9C or 10C higher than the average expected for this time of year".

An amber warning for thunderstorms was in place in the east and south-east from Eastbourne, Sussex, in the south up to Cromer in north Norfolk from 20:00 BST on Friday till 05:00 on Saturday.

Yellow weather warnings remain in force more generallyon Saturday until 18:00 across the South West, North East and North of England, Wales and much of Scotland where the thunderstorms could be just as severe but more localised.

Late on Friday night, Heathrow Airport apologised to passengers for flights delayed by "adverse weather conditions".

East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service said a lightning strike was deemed the likeliest cause of a fire in a residential building in St Leonards-on-Sea.

There were no reports of casualties and the fire has been extinguished.

It was not just the south-east that saw heavy rainfall on Friday, however.

In Devon, North Wyke near Okehampton saw 36.4mm of rain.

Five flood warnings were issued overnight by the Environment Agency, all in the South West, alongside 49 flood alerts in the South West, South East and Midlands.

A further six flood alerts have since been put in place by Natural Resources Wales in South Wales.

National Rail also said a landslip had stopped all services between Exeter St Davids and Okehampton, with the weather conditions meaning it is not safe for engineers to reach the site.

Disruption is expected until 13:00 with rail operators warning customers to check for updates on services on Saturday morning.

The Met Office warns that some areas could see 30-50mm of rain in a few hours, while a few locations could reach up to 80mm.

A further yellow warning is also in force in the eastern half of Northern Ireland from 06:00 to 18:00 BST on Saturday.

The rain will spread north and west, turning more showery in the afternoon but there will still be a risk of thunderstorms, the weather agency said.

The heat and humidity has been building gradually, especially across northern and eastern parts of England.

With the rising humidity and heat, thunderstorms will bring the end to the hot spell.

Temperatures will be lower on Saturday with highs like low to mid-twenties across eastern England and high teens elsewhere.

"We just wanted a relaxing conversation with our dad and we weren't able to have one," says Jack Blumenthal. "It was horrible. And it was constant."

Raw pain is etched on Jack's father's face as he finally realises how his undiagnosed mental illness – and erratic manic behaviour – hurt the ones he loves the most.

In a new BBC documentary, celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal is talking to his son for the first time about how he became impossible to live with.

"We'd plan it three weeks in advance, getting prepared just to see you for half an hour," says Jack, who now runs a restaurant himself. "And there was nothing I could do to help you."

Heston wipes a tear away. "I'm sorry," he says.

At the height of his fame in the 2000s, Heston Blumenthal was a culinary icon. Known for bacon-and-egg ice cream, snail porridge, and theatrical dining, he was a big brand worth big bucks. But behind the molecular gastronomy and Michelin stars, his mind was increasingly in turmoil.

For years, he thought he was simply "wired differently".

Heston had long believed his emotional highs and lows were just part of who he was – part of the creative chaos that fuelled his culinary genius. In the early years, his imagination ran riot in a positive way, he says.

But gradually, the depression worsened. The highs became higher and the lows much darker.

He recalls having to "lie on the floor to cope" during the filming of a cooking programme several years ago. At one point, he felt as though his new ideas were like thousands of sweets falling from the sky – and he could only catch a few.

But in late 2023, a manic episode escalated into psychosis. Heston was hallucinating guns and had become obsessed with death.

He was admitted to hospital for the first time – and finally diagnosed with bipolar disorder. "How did I get to 57 years-old before I was diagnosed?" he asks.

I recently sat down with world-renowned psychiatrist Prof John Geddes to watch a new BBC new documentary I'd been collaborating on – "Heston: My Life with Bipolar".

In the programme there's a clip of Heston being interviewed by the BBC in 2020 about using robots in the kitchen. He uses surreal, nonsensical metaphors: "I want to put the shadow back into the sunlight, I want to put the inside out back into the outside in… I want to put the being back into the human."

Watching the interview, Prof Geddes says it's clear Heston was "in the midst of mania" at the time. "If I'd seen that then I would have immediately thought, 'That is a sick man'," he says.

The high-octane celebrity chef's environment allowed his erratic behaviour to thrive. His eccentricity wasn't only accepted, but celebrated. His brand flourished, nurturing the capricious genius, and he was supported by a team that kept him functioning. But at home there was no such infrastructure – no such buffer.

Research from Bipolar UK suggests that for every person with bipolar disorder, a further five family members – like Heston's son Jack – are profoundly affected.

"Families fall apart because of the mania more than the depression," says Prof Geddes.

During six months of filming, Heston's psychiatrists wean him off the cocktail of pills prescribed to him after his hospital visit, and he is moved onto the mood-stabilising medicine, lithium.

This isn't an easy process. Changing medications can often trigger extreme reactions, so to do it on camera is brave.

Initially, Heston is subdued. He says the antipsychotics and antidepressants make him feel "zombified" and his memories are clouded.

But as time passes his mood lifts, his energy returns, and he regains some of his old swagger. Lithium is working for him – and you start to recognise the Heston of years gone by.

Towards the end of filming the documentary, Heston is keen to ask me about my own research into bipolar care in the UK.

The man I speak to is definitely still Heston – obsessing over the perfect peppercorn ratio – but now he's calm, focused, and self-aware.

"Lithium is the gold standard of care, but in the UK we don't use it enough," he says. "It requires careful management from GPs and psychiatrists. In the NHS, the system simply can't keep up – that's probably one of the reasons why lithium use is falling in the UK, when it should be rising."

The UK has a stark shortage of psychiatrists and mental health professionals so patients face waits that often stretch over years. On average it takes someone more than nine years to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder from first contact with a GP.

During my many interviews about the disorder, I heard psychiatrists describe bipolar patients as "ghosts in the system", "the ones that fell through the cracks" and simply as "forgotten" or "let down".

Lithium use, and timely access to psychiatrists are both directly linked to a reduction in suicidal thoughts in people with bipolar disorder. In the UK, death by suicide is rising for people living with the illness. This bucks all other downward trends for suicide.

Heston's diagnosis came only after he became a danger to himself – hallucinations, paranoia, and eventually a call from his wife to emergency services.

Despite weeks spent in a mental health clinic, and a year of medication and rebuilding his mind, given the choice Heston says he wouldn't turn off his bipolar disorder if he could. It is a part of him. This answer captures the essence of his journey – of learning to live with the fire, not extinguish it.

"Someone living with bipolar cannot be separated from it – their personality is entirely and intrinsically connected to the condition," says Prof Geddes. "Treatment doesn't erase it, but it does make the mood changes manageable and helps a person function within their ecosystem – with their family, friends and job."

Heston's journey mirrors that of many: misunderstood mood swings, delayed diagnosis, and the long road to balance. But it's also a story of identity, resilience, and the power of clarity after chaos.

The culinary world once masked his illness. Now, it gives him a platform to speak out – and he's using it.

Heston: My Life with Bipolar will be broadcast on Thursday 19 June at 8pm on BBC Two and will also be available on BBC iPlayer

If you have been affected by any issues in this report, help and support is available atBBC Action Line.

The sexual abuse campaigner and former reality star Georgia Harrison has told the BBC she is "honoured" to be receiving an MBE.

Harrison, 30, will be awarded for her efforts to tackle violence against women and girls, which includes working with the government on the Online Safety Act in 2023.

She says she feels "a responsibility to help" the many women who are victims of crimes such as intimate image abuse and deepfaking.

Her ex-partner Stephen Bearwas jailed for 21 monthsin 2023 after uploading sexual footage of himself and Harrison to OnlyFans filmed without her consent.

Harrison, who is being awarded her MBE as part of the King's Birthday Honours, said she had to re-read the letter she received from King Charles "three times" as she "just couldn't believe it".

"It's definitely not something I anticipated and it feels nice to have my work recognised because with campaigning sometimes you feel like a lot goes unnoticed," she told the BBC.

The former reality star appeared on ITV shows such as The Only Way is Essex in 2017 and Love Island in 2018, where she entered the villa as a bombshell and gained nationwide fame.

It was during 2019 that she entered MTV's The Challenge, where she met fellow reality star Bear.

The pair dated on and off for a few months, with Harrison discovering in December 2020 that the now 35-year-old Bear had uploaded intimate CCTV footage of them to streaming service OnlyFans without her consent.

She subsequently reported the crime and Bear was sentenced after being found guilty of voyeurism and discussing private, sexual photographs and films.

Harrison was thenawarded compensationin a damages claim and said she would donate some of the £207,900 to charity.

She says she often feels a "responsibility to help" as she worries about the increase of social media influencers fuelling misogyny and sexism.

Harrison, who is currently expecting her first child, said: "I'd be scared to have a teenager right now, being completely honest, I really would be terrified".

"We've seen with the rise of Andrew Tate and some men thinking the thing to do with women is to mistreat them and think they can do what they want with them," she said.

She added she feels the need to let women know, "they deserve to be treated fairly, they deserve consent and the right to their own bodies".

Arecent poll of teachers in the UKfound three in five believe social media use has had a negative effect on behaviour in schools – with Tate being named as a reason by a number of teachers in the poll.

Harrison says she has been into some schools recently to watch consent workshops with primary school age children, describing them as "brilliant".

She hopes that these type of lessons will have an impact for the next generation.

"I'd like to think by the time my child gets to the age where consent becomes an issue, things are going to be a lot better, because we are doing something to educate around consent and that's something that's never really been done before in this generation," she added.

Harrison says "on a positive note" women have told her case and "the strength you found" has encouraged them to take their perpetrators to court for causes of rape, domestic abuse and intimate image abuse.

Since Bear's conviction in 2022, she has campaigned to increase the support for women and girls who have faced similar crimes to her by working on the Online Safety Act and aspart of the Women and Equalities Committee.

She says she has been working with the committee onimproving timescales for womenwho want to report crimes against them – as currently they only have six months after a crime has taken place to tell the police about it.

"It took me about four months to even realise a crime had been committed to me when it happened so its scary to think, had I been notified a few months later, I may not have had the right to justice.

"It should be a lot easier for women out there," she added.

Harrison says she has also been receiving more and more messages from victims of deepfakes, which are videos, pictures or audio clips made with AI to look or sound real.

There have been recentconcerns about schoolchildrenusing apps to distribute AI-generated deepfake content, despite the practice being illegal.

The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) – a UK-based charity partly funded by tech firms – said in February there had been 245 reports of AI-generated child sexual abuse in 2024 compared with 51 in 2023, a 380% increase.

"I think [deepfake] technology is getting a lot more impressive and easier to access," Harrison said.

Earlier this year, the government announcedlaws to tackle the threat of child sexual abuse images being generated by AI, which include making it illegal to possess, create, or distribute AI tools designed to create such material.

ActorGary Oldmanhas been knighted alongsideDavid Beckhamon a King's Birthday Honours list that also recognises Strictly Come Dancing hostsTess DalyandClaudia Winkleman.

The Oscar winner and the former football England captain are among 19 new sirs, while 21 damehoods have been announced, including singer and actressElaine Paigeand Regeneration novelistPat Barker.

There are MBEs for teenage world darts championLuke Littlerand Love Island starGeorgia Harrisonfor her work on online privacy and cyber crime.

Overall, 1,200 people are on the main honours list issued by the Cabinet Office, of which 48% are women. The youngest person being honoured is 11 while the oldest is 106.

The list features a range of well-known names, including from the arts, politics and sports, but it is primarily made up of people being recognised for their work in the community, including campaigners and fundraisers.

Actor Sir Gary has enjoyed an illustrious career on screen and stage since the early 1980s and in 2018, won best actor at the Academy Awards for playing wartime prime minister Winston Churchill in Darkest Hour. More recently, he won acclaim for his portrayal of an MI5 agent in Apple TV's Slow Horses.

Dalyand Winkleman are made Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to broadcasting.

Both have had a long association with Strictly, which has aired 22 series. Daly started as a co-presenter with Sir Bruce Forsyth in the first season in 2004, while Winkleman originally hosted a spin-off programme. They have hosted the main show as a duo since 2014.

"I am ridiculously lucky and will celebrate with Tess by doing a paso doble," Winkleman said.

Daly said she almost missed out on accepting the honour after the letter was sent to the wrong address – and added that she cried when she opened the envelope.

Sir David's knighthood for services to sport and charity has been confirmed, having been widely reported earlier this month. The 50-year-old ex-footballer said he was "immensely proud".

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2003, and became an ambassador for Unicef in 2005 and for The King's Foundation last year, supporting King Charles' education programme and efforts to promote nature.

"I'm so lucky to be able to do the work that I do and I'm grateful to be recognised for work that gives me so much fulfilment," Beckham said.

Evita star Dame Elaine also received her honour for services to music and charity. "I've been very lucky in my life and my career, I'm in a very privileged position," she told the BBC. "When you are in a position to help others, that is something I wanted to do."

Sir Roger Daltrey, frontman of 1960s-formed rock group The Who and a patron of the Teenage Cancer Trust – known for its annual fundraising concerts at the Royal Albert Hall – has been knighted for services to charity and music.

Sir Roger said he was accepting the knighthood "on behalf of all those unsung people who had worked to make the charity the success it had become".

Georgia Harrison, 30, made her name on reality TV shows like Love Island and The Only Way is Essex. More recently,after her ex-partner was jailed in 2023 for posting intimate footage of her online, she has campaigned for sexual assault victims to be prioritised in the justice system andpartnered with Thames Valley Policeto encourage conversations about consent.

"Speaking out after what happened wasn't easy, but I knew it was important," Harrison said. "I didn't want anyone else to feel as alone or powerless as I did. I've tried to turn something painful into something positive, and this honour is a reminder that we can make change when we use our voices."

Darts playerLuke Littler, 18 – the youngest winner of the PDC World Darts Championship – appears on the list with one of his main rivals – Premier League Darts championLuke Humphries, 30, who also became an MBE. There is an OBE for veteran star of the sportDeta Hedman, 65, who is recognised for her contribution to sport and charity.

The Birthday Honours are awarded by the King following recommendations by the prime minister, senior government ministers and members of the public.

From the political world, there are damehoods for former Conservative cabinet ministerPenny Mordaunt, who had a memorable role holding a ceremonial sword at the King's coronation in 2023, and Labour'sChi Onwurah, the MP for Newcastle Upon Tyne Central and West. There is also a knighthood for Labour'sMark Tami, the Alyn and Deeside MP.

Labour Glasgow MSPPam Duncan-Glancy, the first permanent wheelchair user to be elected to Holyrood, has become an MBE for her public and political service.

Sir Philip Barton, the former top civil servant at the Foreign Office, who has previously received multiple royal honours, has become a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to British foreign policy, while former Conservative health minister and MP for LewesMaria Caulfieldhas been made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for political and public service.

The Foreign Office has announced an additional honours recognising the work of overseas residents or service abroad, and there are separate lists covering gallantry awards and for service personnel in the military.

Business leaders on the list include Nationwide chief executiveDebbie Crosbie, who has been made a dame. Greggs chief executiveRoisin Currieand Specsavers co-founder and chairmanDouglas Perkinshave both become CBEs.

Three trade union leaders are being recognised, withDave Ward, general secretary of the Communication Workers Union (CWU), andDr Patrick Roach, the general secretary of the NASUWT teachers' union, being made CBEs, whileSue Ferns, deputy general secretary of the civil service union Prospect, is made an OBE.

MusiciansSteve Winwoodand 10cc'sGraham Gouldmanare both made MBEs, while there are OBEs forStuart Worden, head of the BRIT School since 2012, and BBC Proms directorDavid Pickard.

BBC radio presenterMartha Kearney, who hosted her final episode of the Today Programme in summer 2024, has been made a CBE for services to journalism and broadcasting.

Others from the world of stage and screen on the list include veteran theatrical starJane Lapotaire, who is made a CBE. Bridgerton actorAdjoa Andohand Bafta winnerSamantha Mortonare among the new MBEs, while former EastEnders starAnita Dobson's OBE recognises her work in charitable fundraising and philanthropy.

Another former EastEnders actress,Tracy-Ann Oberman, is made an MBE for services to Holocaust education and combating antisemitism.

The sport stars recognised include former Wimbledon championVirginia Wade- a CBE for services to tennis and charity – and double Olympic triathlon gold medallistAlistair Brownleeand former cricketerDevon Malcolm, who both become OBEs.

Rugby League legendBilly Bostonis also named on the list, making him the first person from the sport to receive a knighthood in its 130-year history. The 90-year-old trailblazer for black sports stars, who played for Wigan and Great Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, received his knighthood earlier this week because of concerns over his health.

Meanwhile, Angel of the North sculptorSir Antony Gormleyand physicistDame Jocelyn Bell Burnellhave joined the elite Companions of Honour, an exclusive group limited to only 65 recipients at any one time.

But most people on the Birthday Honours list are being recognised for their work in the community.

After Samantha Madgin was murdered in Tyne and Wear in 2007, her sisterCarly Barrettand motherAlison Magdinset up Samantha's Legacy to educate young people about the dangers of carrying knives. The pair are now MBEs.

Zahrah Mahmood, the president of Ramblers Scotland who is known on social media as the Hillwalking Hijabi, has been made an MBE for her contribution to voluntary service in Scotland. She is using her position as president to focus on diversity and inclusion within the outdoor community.

"If this recognition helps a little to show that the outdoors is for everyone, that would mean the world to me," Mrs Mahmood says. "But I'm also aware that visibility is often the first step. I would love to play a small part in continuing to move things in the right direction.

John and Lorna Norgrovehave been made OBEs for services to women and children abroad and in Scotland after they set up a charity in memory of their daughter Linda, an aid worker who was kidnapped by the Taliban in Afghanistan in September 2010 and died in an attempted rescue the following month.

"We dedicate this honour to all those brave women who remain in Afghanistan, or who have made the decision to leave their homes and families behind to move abroad and continue their studies and careers," the couple said. "Their struggle continues and they are the real heroes of this story."

AndDuncan and Caroline Speirsand their daughterJenna Speirsfrom the Isle of Bute all receive British Empire Medals for their work through Calum's Cabin, which provides holiday homes for children facing cancer, after their son Calum died in 2007.

The oldest person to be honoured on the list is 106-year-old World War Two veteranNorman Irwin, who served in North Africa and is being given a British Empire Medal (BEM). After returning to Northern Ireland, he formed the Coleraine Winemakers Club in the early 1960s, and also went on to become one of the founders of the town's Rotary Club and the Agivey Anglers Association.

Meanwhile, 11-year-oldCarmela Chillery-Watson, from Dorset, is the youngest person on the list. Miss Chillery-Watson, who has LMNA congenital muscular dystrophy, has become the youngest-ever person to be made an MBE, in recognition of her fundraising and awareness campaigns for Muscular Dystrophy UK.

"I never thought anything like this would happen," she said. "I just want to make a difference to the disability community, to be able to show them: you're strong, you can do whatever you want."

Israel's "Operation Rising Lion", as it calls its attack on Iran, is unprecedented. It is vastly more extensive and ambitious than anything that has come before, including the two missile and drone exchanges it had with Iran last year. For Iran, this is the biggest assault on its territory since the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988.

Inthe darkest hours before dawnthe Israeli Air Force targeted not just sites linked to Iran's nuclear programme but also the country's air defences and ballistic missile bases, thereby reducing Iran's ability to retaliate.

On the ground and in the shadows, the network of operatives working for Mossad, Israel's overseas intelligence agency, reportedly helped to pinpoint the exact location of key figures in both the military command and nuclear scientists.

Those killed overnight include the head of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), the guardians of the Islamic Revolution that overthrew the Shah's regime in 1979, as well as the head of the mainstream armed forces and the head of the IRGC air force. Iran says at least six of its scientists have been killed.

Once again, Israel's spy agency is shown to have successfully penetrated the very heart of Iran's security establishment, proving that no one there is safe.

Iran's state TV reported that 78 people were killed and said that civilians, including children, were among the dead. (This is an unofficial figure and has not been independently verified.)

Mossad was reportedly able to launch drones from inside Iran as part of this attack. The primary targets of this whole operation have been the nuclear enrichment facility at Natanz and bases belonging to the IRGC. For Israeli military planners, this has been a long time coming.

Iran is reeling and this may be only the first wave. There will be many more potential targets on Israel's hitlist, although some may be beyond its reach, buried deep underground in reinforced bases beneath solid rock.

So what has led to this attack by Israel and why now?

Israel, and several Western countries, suspect that Iran has been secretly working towards what is called "breakout capability", meaning the point of no return in developing a viable nuclear weapon.

Iran denies this and has always insisted that its civil nuclear programme – which has received help from Russia – is for entirely peaceful purposes.

For more than a decade Israel has been trying, with varying degrees of success, to slow down and set back Iran's nuclear progress. Iranian scientists have been mysteriously assassinated by unknown assailants, the military head of the nuclear programme, Brig-Gen Fakhrizadeh was killed by a remote-controlled machine-gun on a lonely road near Tehran in 2020.

Before that, US and Israeli cyber sleuths were able to insert a devastating computer virus, codenamed Stuxnet, into Iran's centrifuges, which caused them to spin out of control.

This week the UN's nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), found Iran to be in breach of its non-proliferation obligations and threatened to refer it to the UN Security Council.

Many of the concerns over Iran's nuclear programme arise from its stockpiling of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that has been enriched up to 60 per cent, far beyond the level needed to generate civil nuclear power and a relatively short hop to the level needed to start building a bomb.

There was a deal to curb Iran's nuclear programme. It was concluded in 2015 during the Obama presidency, but Donald Trump called it "the worst deal in the world" and when he got into the White House he pulled the US out of it. The following year Iran stopped complying with it.

Nobody outside Iran wants the Islamic Republic to possess the nuclear bomb. Israel, a small country with much of its 9.5 million-strong population concentrated in urban areas, views a nuclear-armed Iran as an existential threat.

It points to the numerous statements by senior Iranian figures calling for the destruction of the State of Israel. Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the Gulf Arab states don't much care for Iran's revolutionary Islamic Republic regime but they have learned to live with it as a neighbour.

They will now be extremely nervous about the risks of this conflict spreading to their own shores.

For Israel, the timing was crucial. Iran has already been weakened by the effective defeat or elimination of its proxies and allies in Lebanon, Syria and Gaza. Its air defences were heavily compromised after last October's attacks by Israel.

There is a sympathetic president in the White House and lastly, Israel reportedly feared that some of Iran's key uranium enrichment equipment was about to be moved deep underground.

It is clear what Israel wants by this operation: it is aiming to, at the very least, set back Iran's nuclear programme by years. Preferably it would like to halt it altogether.

There will also be many in Israel's military, political and intelligence circles who will be hoping that this operation could even so weaken Iran's leadership that it collapses altogether, ushering in a more benign regime that no longer poses a threat in the region. That may be wishful thinking on their part.

President Trump said on Friday that Iran had "a second chance" to agree to a deal. A sixth round of US-Iran negotiations was due to take place in Muscat on Sunday but Israel does not set much store by these talks.

Just as Russia is accused of stringing along Trump over peace talks with Ukraine, Israel believes Iran is doing the same here.

Israel believes this is its best and possibly last chance to kill off Iran's suspected nuclear weapons programme.

"Israel's unprecedented strikes across Iran overnight were designed to kill President Trump's chances of striking a deal to contain the Iranian nuclear programme," says Ellie Geranmayeh, Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR).

"It is clear their [the attacks] timing and large-scale nature was intended to completely derail talks."

Washington has gone to some lengths to relay to Iran that it was not involved in this attack. But if Iran decides to retaliate against any of the many US bases in the region, either directly or via its proxies, then there is a risk the US could get dragged into yet another Middle East conflict.

Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has vowed "harsh punishment" for Israel but Iran is in a much weaker position today than it was two years ago and its options for retaliation are limited.

There is, however, an even bigger risk here. Israel's operation could still backfire, triggering a nuclear arms race.

Hardline hawks inside Iran's security establishment have long argued that the best deterrence against future attacks by Israel or the US would be for it to acquire the nuclear bomb. They will have taken note of the differing fates of leaders in Libya and North Korea.

Libya's Colonel Gaddafi gave up his Weapons of Mass Destruction programme in 2003; eight years later he was dead in a ditch, overthrown by the Arab Spring protests that were backed by Western air power.

By contrast, North Korea has defied all international sanctions to build up a formidable arsenal of nuclear warheads and intercontinental ballistic missiles, enough to make any potential attacker think twice.

Whatever the final damage amounts to from Israel's Operation Rising Lion, if Iran's regime survives – and it has defied the odds before – then there is a risk it will now accelerate its race towards building and even testing a nuclear bomb.

If that happens then it will almost inevitably trigger a nuclear arms race in the Middle East, with Saudi Arabia, Turkey and possibly Egypt all deciding they need one too.

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Beyond Israel's stated goal of destroying what it calls an existential threat from Iran's nuclear capabilities with its attacks on Friday, Benjamin Netanyahu has a wider aim – regime change in Tehran.

Under this scenario, he might hope that the unprecedented strikes start a chain reaction leading to unrest that topples the Islamic Republic.

He said in a statement on Friday evening that "The time has come for the Iranian people to unite around its flag and its historic legacy, by standing up for your freedom from the evil and oppressive regime."

Many Iranians are unhappy with the state of the economy, the lack of freedom of speech, women's rights, and minority rights.

Israel's attack is posing a real threat to Iran's leadership.

The strikes have killed the commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), the chief of staff of the armed forces, and many other high-ranking IRGC chiefs, and the Israeli attack is not yet over. Iran retaliated in the afternoon, with the Revolutionary Guard saying it carried out attacks against "dozens of targets, military centres and airbases".

The situation escalated quickly and after Iran's retaliatory missile attacks, Netanyahu said, "More is on the way".

More of Iran's leaders could be targeted.

Israel may calculate that the attacks and killings could unsettle the regime and open the way for a popular uprising.

At least this is what Netanyahu hopes for.

But this is a gamble – a big one.

There is no evidence that such a chain reaction will start in the first place, but even if it starts, it is unclear where such a process might lead.

Those with the most power in Iran are the people who control the armed forces and the economy, and most of that is in the hands of hardliners in the IRGC and some other unelected bodies.

They don't need to stage a coup because they are already in power, and they could take Iran in a more confrontational direction.

Another possible outcome could be regime collapse followed by Iran's descent into chaos.

With a population of about 90 million people, events in the country would have a massive impact across the Middle East.

Israel's desired outcome seems to be an uprising that ends with a friendly force taking over, but a major question here is who might be the alternative?

Iranian opposition forces have been highly fragmented in recent years and there are no clear options here.

After the unrests in 2022, known as the "Woman Life Freedom" movement that took most of Iran like a storm, some opposition groups tried to form a coalition of a wide range of anti-Islamic Republic groups and activists.

But that didn't last long due to differences in their views on who leads the coalition and what will be the shape of the regime after toppling the current one.

Israel's leaders might see some of these groups or personas as preferred alternatives.

For example, the Iranian former crown prince Reza Pahlavi, the son of Iran's former Shah, who was overthrown in the country's 1979 Islamic revolution.

He lives in exile and has been actively trying to influence foreign players to support his cause.

He also visited Israel in recent years.

Although he has gained popularity among some Iranians, it's not clear whether that could quickly transform into a force for regime change.

There's also the Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK), an exiled opposition group that backs the overthrow of the Islamic Republic but is against going back to the monarchy.

Founded as a left-wing Muslim group, it previously staunchly opposed the shah.

After the revolution, the MEK went to Iraq and joined Saddam Hussein in the early 1980s during his war against Iran, which made them unpopular among many Iranians.

The group continues to be active and has friends in the US, some of whom are close to Donald Trump's camp.

However, it appears to have less influence with the White House than during Trump's first term, when senior US officials including Mike Pompeo, John Bolton, and Rudy Giuliani appeared at MEK gatherings and gave supportive speeches.

There are other political forces as well, from those who want to establish a secular democracy to those who seek a parliamentary monarchy and so on.

It might be too early to analyse the full extent of Friday's attacks, but during last year's exchanges of fire between Iran and Israel, there were no strong indications that Iranians saw those situations as an opportunity for toppling the regime.

However, those events didn't even come close to the level of destruction during Friday's attacks.

We must also ask what Iran's endgame is now.

Despite targeting a number of targets in Israel, Iran doesn't seem to have many good options.

Some might see the safest way out as continuing to engage in negotiations with the US and aiming to de-escalate from there.

But returning to negotiations, as Trump has demanded, is a tough choice for Iran's leaders because that would mean they have accepted defeat.

Another option is to carry on with retaliatory attacks against Israel.

This seems to be their most desired option.

This is what Iranian leaders had promised to their supporters, but even if the attacks continue, it could invite further attacks by Israel.

Tehran has in the past threatened to target US bases, embassies, and points of interest in the region.

But this is not easily achieved and attacking the US would bring it directly into the mix, which is what Iran least wants.

None of these options are easy for either side and their consequences are hard to predict.

The dust is still in the air and we won't know until it settles what changes have taken place.

Global oil prices jumped after Israel said it had struck Iran in a dramatic escalation of tensions in the Middle East.

The price of the benchmark Brent crude rose more than 10%, reaching its highest level since January, before losing some gains.

Traders were concerned that a conflict between Iran and Israel could disrupt supplies coming from the energy-rich region.

The cost of crude oil affects everything from how much it costs to fill up your car to the price of food at the supermarket.

After the initial jump, oil prices eased a little. But Brent crude still ended the day more than 7% higher than Thursday's closing price, trading at $74.23 a barrel.

Despite Friday's moves, oil prices are still more than 10% lower than where they were at the same point last year. They are also well below the peaks seen in early 2022 following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, when the price of crude soared well above $100 a barrel.

Share prices fell across Asia and Europe on Friday. Japan's Nikkei share index ended the day down 0.9%, while the UK's FTSE 100 index closed 0.39% lower.

Stock markets in the US also closed down. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1.79% while the S&P 500 was down 0.69%.

So-called "safe haven" assets such as gold and the Swiss franc made gains. Some investors see these assets as more reliable investments in times of uncertainty.

The gold price hit its highest level for nearly two months, rising 1.2% to $3,423.30 an ounce.

Following Israel's attack, Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) said Iran had launched around 100 drones towards the country.

Analysts have told the BBC that energy traders will now be watching how much the conflict worsens in the coming days.

"It's an explosive situation, albeit one that could be defused quickly as we saw in April and October last year, when Israel and Iran struck each other directly," Vandana Hari of Vanda Insights told the BBC.

"It could also spiral out into a bigger war that disrupts Mideast oil supply," she added.

Analysts at Capital Economics said that if Iran's oil production and export facilities were targeted, the price of Brent crude could jump to around $80-$100 a barrel.

However, they added that such a spike in prices would encourage other oil producers to increase output, ultimately limiting the price rise and the knock-on effect on inflation.

A spokesman for UK motoring body the RAC, Rod Dennis, said it was "too soon" to say what impact the latest rise in oil would have on petrol prices.

"There are two key factors at play: whether higher wholesale fuel prices are sustained over the coming days and, crucially, the sort of margin retailers decide to take," he said.

In an extreme scenario, Iran could disrupt supplies of millions of barrels of oil a day if it targets infrastructure or shipping in the Strait of Hormuz.

The strait is one of the world's most important shipping routes, with about a fifth of the world's oil passing through it.

At any one time, there are several dozen tankers on their way to the Strait of Hormuz, or leaving it, as major oil and gas producers in the Middle East and their customers transport energy from the region.

Bounded to the north by Iran and to the south by Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Strait of Hormuz connects the Gulf with the Arabian Sea.

"What we see now is very initial risk-on reaction. But over the next day or two, the market will need to factor in where this could escalate to," Saul Kavonic, head of energy research at MST Financial said.

Additional reporting by Katie Silver

For now the fighting between Israel and Iran seems restricted to the two nations. At the United Nations and elsewhere there have been widespread calls for restraint.

But what if they fall on deaf ears? What if the fighting escalates and expands?

Here are just a few possible, worst-case scenarios.

For all the US denials, Iran clearly believes American forces endorsed and at least tacitly supported Israel's attacks.

Iran could strike US targets across the Middle East – such as special forces camps in Iraq, military bases in the Gulf, and diplomatic missions in the region. Iran's proxy forces – Hamas and Hezbollah – may be much diminished but its supportive militias in Iraq remain armed and intact.

The US feared such attacks were a possibility and withdrew some personnel. In its public messaging, the US has warned Iran firmly of the consequences of any attack on American targets.

What might happen if an American citizen were killed, say, in Tel Aviv or elsewhere?

Donald Trump might find himself forced to act. Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has long been accused of wanting to drag the US into helping him defeat Iran.

Military analysts say only the US has the bombers and bunker-busting bombs that can penetrate the deepest of Iranian nuclear facilities, especially that of Fordow.

Trump promised his MAGA constituency he would not start any so-called "forever wars" in the Middle East. But equally many Republicans support both Israel's government and its view that now is the time to seek regime change in Tehran.

But if America were to become an active combatant, that would represent a huge escalation with a long, potentially devastating consequential tail.

If Iran failed to damage Israel's well-protected military and other targets, then it could always aim its missiles at softer targets in the Gulf, especially countries that Iran believes aided and abetted its enemies over the years.

There are lots of energy and infrastructure targets in the region. Remember Iran was accused of striking Saudi Arabia's oil fields in 2019 and its Houthi proxies hit targets in the UAE in 2022.

Since then there has been a reconciliation of sorts between Iran and some countries in the region.

But these countries play host to US airbases. Some also – discreetly – helped defend Israel from Iranian missile attack last year.

If the Gulf were attacked, then it too might demand American warplanes come to its defence as well as Israel's.

What if the Israeli attack fails? What if Iran's nuclear facilities are too deep, too well protected? What if its 400kg of 60% enriched uranium – the nuclear fuel that is just a small step away from being fully weapons-grade, enough for ten bombs or so – is not destroyed?

It's thought it may be hidden deep in secret mines. Israel may have killed some nuclear scientists but no bombs can destroy Iran's knowhow and expertise.

What if Israel's attack convinces Iran's leadership that its only way of deterring further attacks is to race for nuclear capability as fast as it can?

What if those new military leaders round the table are more headstrong and less cautious than their dead predecessors?

At the very least, this could force Israel to further attacks, potentially binding the region into a continual round of strike and counter-strike. Israelis have a brutal phrase for this strategy; they call it "mowing the grass".

The price of oil is already soaring.

What if Iran tried to close the Strait of Hormuz, further restricting the movement of oil?

What if – on the other side of the Arabian Peninsula – the Houthis in Yemen redouble their efforts to attack shipping in the Red Sea? They are Iran's last remaining so-called proxy ally with a track record of unpredictability and high risk appetite.

Many countries around the world are already suffering a cost of living crisis. A rising price of oil would add to inflation on a global economic system already creaking under the weight of Trump's tariff war.

And let's not forget, the one man who benefits from rising oil prices is President Putin of Russia who would suddenly see billions more dollars flood into Kremlin coffers to pay for his war against Ukraine.

What if Israel succeeded in its long term aim of forcing the collapse of the Islamic revolutionary regime in Iran?

Netanyahu claims his primary aim is to destroy Iran's nuclear capability. But he made clear in his statement yesterday that his broader aim involves regime change.

He told "the proud people of Iran" that his attack was "clearing the path for you to achieve your freedom" from what he called their "evil and oppressive regime".

Bringing down Iran's government might appeal to some in the region, especially some Israelis. But what vacuum might it leave? What unforeseen consequences would there be? What would civil conflict in Iran look like?

Many can remember what happened to both Iraq and Libya when strong centralised government was removed.

So, much depends on how this war progresses in coming days.

How – and how hard – will Iran retaliate? And what restraint – if any – can the US exert on Israel?

On the answer to those two questions much will depend.